Global strategy / Mike W. Peng.
By: Peng, Mike W [author]
.
Material type:
BookPublisher: Boston : Cengage Learning, [2022]Copyright date: ©2022Edition: Fifth edition.Description: xx, 460 pages : color illustrations, tables ; 29 cm.Content type: text Media type: unmediated Carrier type: volumeISBN: 9780357512364 (paperback).Subject(s): Strategic planning| Item type | Current library | Status | Notes | Barcode | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| General lending | MTU Bishopstown Library Lending | Available | MTU Cork Module MGMT9058-Recommended reading, MTU Cork Module MGMT9034-Supplementary reading,MTU Cork Module MGMT9041- Recommended reading, | 00219038 |
Enhanced descriptions from Syndetics:
The world's best-selling global business strategy text, Peng's GLOBAL STRATEGY, 5E uses a reader-friendly approach to help you master principles of strategic management from a truly global perspective. This edition emphasizes strategy around the globe using evidence-driven explanations with the latest research. A conversational style emphasizes the story behind the stories, while encouraging discussion. Timely debates address strategic issues, such as globalization versus de-globalization, offshoring versus non-offshoring and social media freedom of speech versus censorship. You also examine building an antitrust case against Big Tech and reducing income inequality via corporate social responsibility (CSR). Lively strategy-in-action boxes and numerous cases -- including brief, to-the-point integrative cases written with today's time-starved students in mind -- present current topics in every chapter.
Includes bibliographical references and indexes.
Strategizing around the globe -- Managing industry competition -- Leveraging resources and capabilities -- Emphasizing institutions, cultures, and ethics -- Growing and internationalizing the entrepreneurial firm -- Entering foreign markets -- Making strategic alliances and networks work -- Managing competitive dynamics -- Diversifying and managing acquisitions globally -- Strategizing, structuring, and innovating around the world -- Governing the corporation globally -- Strategizing on corporate social responsibility -- Integrative cases.
MTU CORK Module MGMT 9058 - Core reading.
MTU CORK Module MGMT 9041 - Core reading,.
MTU CORK Module MGMT 9034 - Supplementary reading.
Table of contents provided by Syndetics
- List of In-Chapter Features and Integrative Cases (p. xi)
- Preface (p. xv)
- About the Author (p. xx)
- Part 1 Foundations of Global Strategy
- Chapter 1 Strategizing Around the Globe (p. 2)
- Opening Case: Zoom (p. 3)
- Why Study Global Strategy? (p. 5)
- What Is Strategy? (p. 6)
- Origin (p. 6)
- Plan versus Action (p. 6)
- Strategy as Theory (p. 7)
- Strategy in Action 1.1 German and French Military Strategies in 1914 (p. 7)
- Strategy in Action 1.2 Selling Star Wars to LEGO Top Management (p. 10)
- Strategy, Strategist, and Strategic Leadership (p. 11)
- Fundamental Questions in Strategy (p. 12)
- Why Do Firms Differ? (p. 12)
- How Do Firms Behave? (p. 14)
- What Determines the Scope of the Firm? (p. 15)
- What Determines the Success and Failure of Firms Around the Giobe? (p. 15)
- Strategy in Action 1.3: Confessions of Your Textbook Author (p. 16)
- What is Global Strategy? (p. 17)
- Globalization and Semiglobalization (p. 17)
- What Is Globalization? (p. 17)
- The Swing of a Pendulum (p. 18)
- Black Swan and Risk Management (p. 19)
- Semiglobalization (p. 20)
- Debates and Extensions (p. 20)
- Debate 1 Globalization versus Deglobalization (p. 20)
- Debate 2 Strategic versus Nonstrategic Industries (p. 22)
- Debate 3 Just-in-Time versus Just-in-Case Management (p. 22)
- Fostering Critical Strategic Thinking Through Debates (p. 23)
- Organization of the Book (p. 23)
- Chapter Summary (p. 24)
- Key Terms (p. 24)
- Critical Discussion Questions (p. 24)
- Topics for Expanded Projects (p. 25)
- Closing Case: Two Scenarios of the Global Economy in 2050 (p. 25)
- Notes (p. 27)
- Chapter 2 Managing Industry Competition (p. 32)
- Opening Case: Global Competition in the Cruise Industry (p. 33)
- Defining Industry Competition (p. 35)
- The Five Forces Framework (p. 35)
- From Economics to Strategy (p. 35)
- Rivalry among Competitors (p. 37)
- Threat of Entrants (p. 37)
- Strategy in Action 2.1 High Fashion Fights Recession (p. 38)
- Bargaining Power of Suppliers (p. 40)
- Bargaining Power of Buyers (p. 40)
- Threat of Substitutes (p. 41)
- Lessons from the Five Forces Framework (p. 41)
- Strategyin Action 2.2: Digital Strategy and Five Forces (p. 42)
- Three Generic Strategies (p. 43)
- Cost Leadership (p. 43)
- Differentiation (p. 44)
- Focus (p. 45)
- Lessons from the Three Generic Strategies (p. 45)
- Debates and Extensions (p. 45)
- Debate 1 Clear versus Blurred Definitions of Industry (p. 46)
- Debate 2 Industry Rivalry versus Strategic Groups (p. 46)
- Debate 3 Integration versus Outsourcing (p. 47)
- Debate 4 Stuck in the Middle versus All-Rounder (p. 48)
- Debate 5 Economies of Scale versus 3D Printing (p. 48)
- Strategy in Action 2.3 Singapore Airlines Is Both a Differentiator and a Cost Leader (p. 49)
- Debate 6 Industry-Specific versus Firm-Specific and Institution-Specific Determinants of Performance (p. 50)
- Making Sense of the Debates (p. 50)
- The Savvy Strategist (p. 50)
- Chapter Summary (p. 51)
- Key Terms (p. 51)
- Critical Discussion Questions (p. 52)
- Topics For Expanded Projects (p. 52)
- Closing Case: The Future of the Automobile Industry (p. 52)
- Notes (p. 54)
- Chapter 3 Leveraging Resources and Capabilities (p. 58)
- Opening Case: Canada Goose Flies High (p. 59)
- Understanding Resources and Capabiiities (p. 60)
- Resources, Capabilities, and the Value Chain (p. 62)
- From SWOT to VRIO (p. 65)
- The Question of Value (p. 66)
- The Question of Rarity (p. 66)
- The Question of Imitability (p. 66)
- Strategy in Action 3.1 ASML (p. 67)
- The Question of Organization (p. 68)
- Strategy in Action 3.2 CIMC (p. 69)
- Debates and Extensions (p. 70)
- Debate 1 Firm-Specific versus Industry-Specific Determinants of Performance (p. 71)
- Debate 2 Static Resources versus Dynamic Capabilities (p. 71)
- Debate 3 Offshoring versus Nonoffshoring (p. 72)
- Debate 4 Domestic Resources versus International (Cross-Border) Capabilities (p. 74)
- Strategy in Action 3.3 Natura (p. 75)
- The Savvy Stategist (p. 76)
- Chapter Summary (p. 77)
- Key Terms (p. 77)
- Critical Discussion Questions (p. 78)
- Topics For Expanded Projects (p. 78)
- Closing Case: H-E-B Fights Coronavirus (p. 78)
- Notes (p. 80)
- Chapter 4 Emphasizing Institutions, Cultures, and Ethics (p. 84)
- Opening Case: Brexit and Strategic Choices (p. 85)
- Understanding Institutions (p. 87)
- Definitions (p. 87)
- What Do Institutions Do? (p. 88)
- How Do Institutions Reduce Uncertainty? (p. 88)
- An Institution-Based View of Business Strategy (p. 90)
- Overview (p. 90)
- Two Core Propositions (p. 92)
- Strategy in Action 4.1 The American Guanxi Industry (p. 93)
- Institutional Logics and Hybrid Organizations (p. 94)
- The Strategic Role of Culture (p. 94)
- The Definition of Culture (p. 94)
- The Five Dimensions of Culture (p. 95)
- Cultures and Strategic Choices (p. 96)
- The Strategic Role of Ethics (p. 97)
- The Definition and Impact of Ethics (p. 97)
- Managing Ethics Overseas (p. 98)
- Strategy in Action 4.2 Onsen and Tattoos in Japan (p. 98)
- Ethics and Corruption (p. 99)
- A Strategic Response Framework for Ethical Challenges (p. 100)
- Strategy in Action 4.3 Monetizing the Maasai Tribal Name (p. 101)
- Debates and Extensions (p. 102)
- Debate 1 Opportunism versus Individualism/Collectivism (p. 102)
- Debate 2 Cultural Distance versus Institutional Distance (p. 103)
- Debate 3 Freedom of Speech versus Censorship on the Internet (p. 104)
- The Savvy Strategist (p. 105)
- Chapter Summary (p. 106)
- Key Terms (p. 106)
- Critical Discussion Questions (p. 107)
- Topics For Expanded Projects (p. 107)
- Closing Case: IKEA's Challenge in Saudi Arabia (p. 107)
- Notes (p. 108)
- Part 2 Business-Level Strategies
- Chapter 5 Growing and Internationalizing the Entrepreneurial Firm (p. 114)
- Opening Case: The New East India Company (p. 115)
- Entrepreneurship and Entrepreneurial Firms (p. 116)
- A Comprehensive Model of Entrepreneurship (p. 117)
- Industry-Based Considerations (p. 118)
- Resource-Based Considerations (p. 119)
- Institution-Based Considerations (p. 120)
- Strategy in Action 5.1 Europe's Entrepreneurship Deficit (p. 120)
- Five Entrepreneurial Strategies (p. 121)
- Growth (p. 122)
- Strategy in Action 5.2 Tory Burch's Rise in the Fashion Industry (p. 122)
- Innovation (p. 123)
- Network (p. 123)
- Financing and Governance (p. 124)
- Harvest and Exit (p. 125)
- Internationalizing the Entrepreneurial Firm (p. 126)
- International Strategies for Entering Foreign Markets (p. 126)
- International Strategies for Staying in Domestic Markets (p. 127)
- Debates and Extensions (p. 128)
- Debate 1 Traits versus Institutions (p. 128)
- Debate 2 Slow Internationalizers versus Born Global Start-ups (p. 128)
- Strategy in Action 5.3 Immigrant Entrepreneurs (p. 129)
- Debate 3 High-Growth Entrepreneurship versus Ethically Questionable Behavior (p. 130)
- The Savvy Entrepreneur (p. 131)
- Chapter Summary (p. 132)
- Key Terms (p. 132)
- Critical Discussion Questions (p. 132)
- Topics For Expanded Projects (p. 133)
- Closing Case: Boom in Busts: Good or Bad? (p. 133)
- Notes (p. 134)
- Chapter 6 Entering Foreign Markets (p. 140)
- Opening Case: Amazon Enters India (p. 141)
- Overcoming Liability of Foreignness (p. 143)
- Understanding the Propensity to Internationalize (p. 143)
- Strategy in Action 6.1 Nordic Multinationals (p. 144)
- A Comprehensive Model of Foreign Market Entries (p. 145)
- Industry-Based Considerations (p. 145)
- Resource-Based Considerations (p. 146)
- Institution-Based Considerations (p. 147)
- Where to Enter? (p. 148)
- Location-Specific Advantages and Strategic Goals (p. 148)
- Cultural and Institutional Distances and Foreign Entry Locations (p. 150)
- When to Enter? (p. 150)
- How to Enter? (p. 152)
- Scale of Entry: Commitment and Experience (p. 152)
- Modes of Entry: The First Step on Equity versus Nonequity Modes (p. 152)
- Modes of Entry: The Second Step in Making Actual Selections (p. 155)
- Strategy in Action 6.1 Thai Union's Foreign Market Entries (p. 157)
- Debates and Extensions (p. 157)
- Debate 1 Liability versus Asset of Foreignness (p. 157)
- Debate 2 Old-Line versus Emerging Multinationals: OLI versus LLL (p. 158)
- Debate 3 Global versus Regional Geographic Diversification (p. 159)
- Debate 4 Contractual versus Noncontractual Approaches of Entry (p. 159)
- Strategy in Action 6.3 Goldman Sachs Enters Libya (p. 160)
- The Savvy Strategist (p. 161)
- Chapter Summary (p. 162)
- Key Terms (p. 162)
- Critical Discussion Questions (p. 162)
- Topics For Expanded Projects (p. 163)
- Closing Case: How Firms from Emerging Economies Fight Back (p. 163)
- Notes (p. 164)
- Chapter 7 Making Strategic Alliances and Networks Work (p. 168)
- Opening Case: Even Toyota Needs Friends (p. 169)
- Defining Strategic Alliances and Networks (p. 170)
- A Comprehensive Model of Strategic Alliances and Networks (p. 171)
- Industry-Based Considerations (p. 171)
- Resource-Based Considerations (p. 172)
- Rarity (p. 173)
- Imitability (p. 174)
- Organization (p. 174)
- Institution-Based Considerations (p. 175)
- Formation (p. 176)
- Stage 1 To Cooperate or Not to Cooperate? (p. 176)
- Stage 2 Contractual or Equity Modes? (p. 176)
- Stage 3 How to Position the Relationship? (p. 177)
- Strategy in Action 7.1 Delta Spreads Its Wings Globally (p. 178)
- Evolution (p. 178)
- Combating Opportunism (p. 178)
- Evolving from Strong Ties to Weak Ties (p. 179)
- From Corporate Marriage to Divorce (p. 180)
- Strategy in Action 7.2 Yum Brands, McDonald's, and Sinopec (p. 181)
- Performance (p. 182)
- The Performance of Strategic Alliances and Networks (p. 182)
- The Performance of Parent Firms (p. 183)
- Debates and Extensions (p. 184)
- Debate 1 Majority JVs as Control Mechanisms versus Minority JVs as Real Options (p. 184)
- Debate 2 Alliances versus Acquisitions (p. 184)
- Debate 3 Acquiring versus Not Acquiring Alliance Partners (p. 185)
- Strategy in Action 7.3 Renaussanbishi: No Way! (p. 186)
- The Savvy Strategist (p. 187)
- Chapter Summary (p. 188)
- Key Terms (p. 188)
- Critical Discussion Questions (p. 189)
- Topics For Expanded Projects (p. 189)
- Closing Case: Fiat Chrysler: From Alliance to Acquisition (p. 189)
- Notes (p. 190)
- Chapter 8 Managing Competitive Dynamics (p. 194)
- Opening Case: Jetstar's Rise in the Asia Pacific (p. 195)
- Strategy as Action (p. 196)
- Industry-Based Considerations (p. 198)
- Collusion and Prisoner's Dilemma (p. 198)
- Industry Characteristics and Collusion vis-à-vis Competition (p. 198)
- Strategy in Action 8.1 The Global Vitamin Cartel (p. 200)
- Resource-Based Considerations (p. 201)
- Value (p. 201)
- Rarity (p. 202)
- Instability (p. 202)
- Organization (p. 202)
- Resource Similarity (p. 202)
- Competitor Analysis (p. 202)
- Strategy in Action 8.2 Alibaba versus Amazon (p. 204)
- Institution-Based Considerations (p. 205)
- Formal Institutions Governing Domestic Competition: A Focus on Antitrust (p. 205)
- Formal Institutions Governing International Competition: A Focus on Antidumping (p. 207)
- Attack and Counterattack (p. 208)
- Three Main Types of Attack (p. 208)
- Awareness, Motivation, and Capability (p. 210)
- Cooperation and Signaling (p. 211)
- Debates and Extensions (p. 211)
- Debate 1 Strategy versus Antitrust Policy (p. 211)
- Debate 2 Competition versus Antidumping (p. 213)
- Strategy in Action 8.3 Brussels versus Google (p. 214)
- The Savvy Strategist (p. 215)
- Chapter Summary (p. 216)
- Key Terms (p. 216)
- Critical Discussion Questions (p. 217)
- Topics for Extended Projects (p. 217)
- Closing Case: Is There an Antitrust Case Against Big Tech? (p. 217)
- Notes (p. 219)
- Part 3 Corporate-Level Strategies
- Chapter 9 Diversifying and Managing Acquisitions Globally (p. 224)
- Opening Case: The Growth of Marriott International (p. 225)
- Product Diversification (p. 227)
- Product-Related Diversification (p. 227)
- Product-Unrelated Diversification (p. 227)
- Strategy in Action 9.1 Starbucks Diversifies into Tea (p. 227)
- Product Diversification and Firm Performance (p. 228)
- Geographic Diversification (p. 229)
- Limited versus Extensive International Diversification (p. 229)
- Geographic Diversification and Firm Performance (p. 229)
- Combining Product and Geographic Diversification (p. 230)
- A Comprehensive Model of Diversification (p. 231)
- Industry-Based Considerations (p. 231)
- Resource-Based Considerations (p. 232)
- Institution-Based Considerations (p. 234)
- The Evolution of the Scope of the Firm (p. 235)
- Acquisitions (p. 238)
- Setting the Terms Straight (p. 238)
- Motives for Mergers and Acquisitions (p. 239)
- Performance of Mergers and Acquisitions (p. 240)
- Strategy in Action 9.2 GE-Alstom: A Deal Too Far? (p. 241)
- Strategy in Action 9.3 Can Mergers of Equals Work? (p. 242)
- Debates and Extensions (p. 243)
- Debate 1 Product Relatedness versus Other Forms of Relatedness (p. 243)
- Debate 2 Old-Line versus New-Age Conglomerates (p. 244)
- Debate 3 High Road versus Low Road in Integration (p. 245)
- Debate 4 Acquisitions versus Alliances (p. 246)
- The Savvy Strategist (p. 246)
- Chapter Summary (p. 248)
- Key Terms (p. 248)
- Critical Discussion Questions (p. 248)
- Topics for Expanded Projects (p. 249)
- Closing Case: Puzzles Behind Emerging Multinationals' Acquisitions (p. 249)
- Notes (p. 250)
- Chapter 10 Strategizing, Structuring, and Innovating Around the World (p. 254)
- Opening Case: Launching the McWrap (p. 255)
- Multinational Strategies and Structures (p. 256)
- Pressures for Cost Reduction and Local Responsiveness (p. 256)
- Four Strategic Choices (p. 257)
- Strategy in Action 10.1 KFC Leverages Artificial Intelligence in China (p. 259)
- Four Organizational Structures (p. 260)
- The Reciprocal Relationship between Multinational Strategy and Structure (p. 262)
- A Comprehensive Model of Multinational Strategy, Structure, and Innovation (p. 262)
- Industry-Based Considerations (p. 263)
- Resource-Based Considerations (p. 264)
- Institution-Based Considerations (p. 265)
- Strategy in Action 10.2 Canadian Apotex, Indian Production, and EU, UK, and US Regulations (p. 265)
- Strategy in Action 10.3 Moving Headquarters (p. 267)
- Worldwide Learning, Innovation, and Knowledge Management (p. 269)
- Knowledge Management (p. 269)
- Knowledge Management in Four Types of Multinational Enterprises (p. 269)
- Globalizing Research and Development (p. 271)
- Problems and Solutions in Knowledge Management (p. 272)
- Debates and Extensions (p. 273)
- Debate 1 Headquarters Control versus Subsidiary Initiative (p. 273)
- Debate 2 Customer-Focused Dimensions versus Integration, Responsiveness, and Learning (p. 273)
- The Savvy Strategist (p. 274)
- Chapter Summary (p. 275)
- Key Terms (p. 276)
- Critical Discussion Questions (p. 276)
- Topics for Expanded Projects (p. 276)
- Closing Case: Subsidiary Initiative at Schenck Shanghai Machinery (p. 277)
- Notes (p. 278)
- Chapter 11 Governing the Corporation Globally (p. 282)
- Opening Case: The Murdochs versus Minority Shareholders (p. 283)
- Owners (p. 284)
- Concentrated versus Diffused Ownership (p. 284)
- Family Ownership (p. 285)
- State Ownership (p. 285)
- Managers (p. 286)
- Principal-Agent Conflicts (p. 286)
- Principal-Principal Conflicts (p. 287)
- Board of Directors (p. 288)
- Board Compositionp (p. 288)
- Strategy in Action 11.1 The Debate about Independent Directors in China (p. 289)
- Leadership Structure (p. 290)
- Board Interlocks (p. 290)
- The Role of Boards of Directors (p. 290)
- Strategy in Action 11.2 Professor Michael Jensen as an Outside Director (p. 291)
- Directing Strategically (p. 291)
- Governance Mechanisms as a Package (p. 292)
- Internal (Voice-Based) Governance Mechanisms (p. 292)
- External (Exit-Based) Governance Mechanisms (p. 293)
- Internal Mechanisms + External Mechanisms = Governance Package (p. 294)
- A Global Perspective (p. 294)
- Strategy in Action 11.3 Global Competition in How to Best Govern Large Firms (p. 296)
- A Comprehensive Model of Corporate Governance (p. 297)
- Industry-Based Considerations (p. 297)
- Resource-Based Considerations (p. 298)
- Institution-Based Considerations (p. 298)
- Debates and Extensions (p. 300)
- Debate 1 Opportunistic Agents versus Managerial Stewards (p. 300)
- Debate 2 Global Convergence versus Divergence (p. 301)
- Debate 3 Value versus Stigma of Multiple Directorships (p. 301)
- Debate 4 State Ownership versus Private Ownership (p. 302)
- The Savvy Strategist (p. 304)
- Chapter Summary (p. 305)
- Key Terms (p. 305)
- Critical Discussion Questions (p. 306)
- Topics for Expanded Projects (p. 306)
- Closing Case: The Private Equity Challenge (p. 306)
- Notes (p. 308)
- Chapter 12 Strategizing on Corporate Social Responsibility (p. 314)
- Opening Case: Starbucks's Corporate Social Responsibility Journey (p. 315)
- A Stakeholder View of the Firm (p. 317)
- A Big Picture Perspective (p. 317)
- Strategy in Action 12.1 Global Warming and Arctic Boom (p. 318)
- Stakeholder Groups, Triple Bottom Line, and ESG (p. 319)
- A Fundamental Debate (p. 320)
- A Comprehensive Model of Corporate Social Responsibility (p. 322)
- Strategy in Action 12.2 Giants of the Sea (p. 323)
- Industry-Based Considerations (p. 323)
- Resource-Based Considerations (p. 325)
- Strategy in Action 12.3 Can McDonald's Set the Chickens Cage-Free? (p. 326)
- The CSR-Economic Performance Puzzle (p. 326)
- Institution-Based Considerations (p. 327)
- Debates and Extensions (p. 330)
- Debate 1 Reducing versus Contributing toward Income Inequality (p. 330)
- Debate 2 Domestic versus Overseas Social Responsibility (p. 331)
- Debate 3 Active versus Inactive CSR Engagement Overseas (p. 332)
- Debate 4 Race to the Bottom ("Pollution Haven") versus Race to the Top (p. 332)
- The Savvy Strategist (p. 333)
- Chapter Summary (p. 334)
- Key Terms (p. 335)
- Critical Discussion Questions (p. 335)
- Topics For Expanded Projects (p. 335)
- Closing Case: The Ebola Challenge (p. 336)
- Notes (p. 337)
- Part 4 Integrative Cases
- IC 1 The Consulting Industry (p. 342)
- IC 2 The Asia Pacific Airline Industry (p. 346)
- IC 3 LEGO's Secrets (p. 349)
- IC 4 BMW at 100 (p. 351)
- IC 5 Occidental Petroleum (Oxy): From Also-Ran to Segment Leader (p. 355)
- IC 6 Tesla's CEO Quits Presidential Councils (p. 360)
- IC 7 Legislation of Ride-Hailing in China (p. 362)
- IC 8 The Final Frontier of Outstanding to India (p. 367)
- IC 9 Volkswagen's Emissions Scandal (p. 372)
- IC 10 Private Military Companies (p. 375)
- IC 11 Snowsports Interactive: A Global Start-Up's Challenges (p. 379)
- IC 12 Business Jet Makers Eye China (p. 384)
- IC 13 Carlsberg in Russia (p. 386)
- IC 14 Enter North America by Bus (p. 388)
- IC 15 Etihad Airways' Alliance Networks (p. 390)
- IC 16 Jobek do Brasil's Joint Venture Challenges (p. 392)
- IC 17 Saudi Arabia in OPEC: Price Leader in a Cartel (p. 398)
- IC 18 AGRANA: From a Local Supplier to a Global Player (p. 402)
- IC 19 Nomura's Integration of Lehman Brothers (p. 407)
- IC 20 Cyberattack on TNT Express and Impact on Parent Company FedEx (p. 409)
- IC 21 Shanghai Disneyland (p. 414)
- IC 22 Samsung's Global Strategy Group (p. 417)
- IC 23 Corporate Governance the HP Way (p. 419)
- IC 24 When CSR Is Mandated by the Government in India (p. 422)
- IC 25 Wolf Wars (p. 424)
- Glossary (p. 426)
- Index of Names (p. 438)
- Index of Organizations (p. 451)
- Index of Subjects (p. 454)