Enhanced descriptions from Syndetics:

This book provides a highly accessible introduction to anatomy and physiology. Written for students studying the subject for the first time, it covers the human body from the atomic and cellular levels through to all the major systems and includes chapters on blood, immunity and homeostasis.

Logically presented, the chapters build on each other and are designed to develop the reader's knowledge and understanding of the human body. By the end of each chapter, the reader will understand and be able to explain how the structures and systems described are organised and contribute to the maintenance of health. Describing how illness and disease undermine the body's ability to maintain homeostasis, this text helps readers to predict and account for the consequences when this occurs.

Complete with self-test questions, full colour illustrations and a comprehensive glossary, this book is an essential read for all nursing and healthcare students in both further and higher education.

Table of contents provided by Syndetics

• Acronyms and chemical symbols (p. xix)
• Acknowledgements (p. xxi)
• Introduction (p. 1)
• 1 Atoms, elements and compounds (p. 5)
• Starting small (p. 5)
• Atoms (p. 5)
• Elements (p. 6)
• Neutrons (p. 7)
• Stable or unstable? (p. 7)
• Compounds (p. 8)
• Covalent and hydrogen bonding (p. 9)
• Ionic bonding (p. 9)
• Ions and electrolytes (p. 10)
• Diffusion (p. 11)
• Osmosis (p. 11)
• pH (p. 12)
• Metabolism (p. 13)
• Fluid compartments (p. 13)
• Fluid balance (p. 14)
• Chapter 1 Test yourself (p. 15)
• 2 Cells, tissues and organs (p. 19)
• The cell membrane (p. 19)
• Ion channels (p. 20)
• Active transport (p. 21)
• Cell-eating and drinking (p. 21)
• Cytoplasm (p. 21)
• The nucleus and DNA (p. 22)
• Genetic information (p. 23)
• Mutation (p. 23)
• Genetic diversity (p. 23)
• Cell division (p. 24)
• Mitochondria and cellular respiration (p. 24)
• Cellular energy (p. 26)
• Ribosomes and RNA (p. 26)
• Manufacturing proteins (p. 26)
• Translation (p. 27)
• Endoplasmic reticulum and golgi body (p. 28)
• Lysosomes (p. 28)
• Ageing (p. 29)
• Programmed cell death (p. 29)
• Predicting death (p. 30)
• Tissue types (p. 30)
• Epithelial cells (p. 30)
• Connective tissue (p. 31)
• Dense and specialised connective tissue (p. 31)
• Muscle tissue (p. 32)
• Voluntary muscle (p. 32)
• Smooth muscle (p. 32)
• Cardiac muscle (p. 33)
• Nervous tissue (p. 33)
• Organs and organ systems (p. 34)
• Chapter 2 Test yourself (p. 34)
• Note (p. 36)
• 3 Homeostasis (p. 39)
• Fuel - energy - waste (p. 39)
• Negative feedback (p. 40)
• Positive feedback (p. 41)
• Oxytocin and breastfeeding (p. 42)
• Integumentary system (p. 42)
• Melanocytes (p. 43)
• Merkel and langerhans cells (p. 44)
• Dermis (p. 44)
• Sweat glands (p. 44)
• Apocrine glands (p. 45)
• Hair (p. 46)
• Hair structure (p. 46)
• Tiny muscles (p. 46)
• Sebaceous glands (p. 47)
• Nerve endings (p. 47)
• Pain receptors (p. 48)
• Thermoreceptors (p. 48)
• Thermoregulation (p. 49)
• Circadian rhythm (p. 49)
• Heat exchange (p. 50)
• Radiation (p. 50)
• Conduction (p. 51)
• Convection (p. 51)
• Evaporation (p. 52)
• Warming up (p. 52)
• Shivering and piloerection (p. 53)
• Hypothermia (p. 53)
• Treating hypothermia (p. 54)
• Cooling down (p. 55)
• Fever (p. 55)
• Chapter 3 Test yourself (p. 56)
• 4 Skeletal system (p. 59)
• Muscle (p. 59)
• Organisation of skeletal muscles (p. 59)
• Skeletal system (p. 60)
• Skull and sinuses (p. 62)
• Spine and ribs (p. 63)
• Ossicles and hyoid bone (p. 64)
• Appendicular skeleton (p. 64)
• Foot bones (p. 65)
• Bone tissue (p. 65)
• Ossification (p. 66)
• Growth plates (p. 66)
• Bone structure (p. 67)
• Compact and spongy bone (p. 67)
• Bone marrow (p. 68)
• Bone density and the role of hormones (p. 69)
• Thyroid and parathyroid hormones (p. 69)
• Growth hormone, oestrogen and testosterone (p. 70)
• Cartilage growth (p. 70)
• Cartilage types (p. 71)
• Fibrocartilage (p. 71)
• Sutures, gomphoses and syndesmoses (p. 71)
• Synovial joints (p. 72)
• Types of joint (p. 72)
• Fractures (p. 72)
• Bleeding and healing (p. 73)
• Chapter 4 Test yourself (p. 74)
• 5 Blood (p. 77)
• Plasma (p. 77)
• Plasma proteins (p. 77)
• Blood cell differentiation (p. 78)
• Haemoglobin (p. 79)
• Carbon monoxide (p. 79)
• Erythrocytes (p. 80)
• Erythropoiesis (p. 80)
• ABO blood types and transfusion (p. 81)
• Detection and destruction (p. 82)
• Universal donor and universal recipient (p. 82)
• Antigen prevalence (p. 83)
• Rhesus status (p. 83)
• Agglutination (p. 84)
• Rhesus status and pregnancy (p. 84)
• Thrombocytes and the clotting cascade (p. 85)
• Coagulation (p. 86)
• Clotting factor deficiencies (p. 87)
• Chapter 5 Test yourself (p. 87)
• Note (p. 89)
• 6 Immunity (p. 91)
• Types of immunity (p. 91)
• Skin and secretions (p. 91)
• Commensals (p. 92)
• Mucus (p. 92)
• Self and non-self (p. 92)
• Parasites (p. 93)
• Toxoplasma gondii (p. 93)
• Worms (p. 93)
• Fungus and yeast (p. 94)
• Bacteria (p. 94)
• Viruses (p. 95)
• Stages of infection (p. 95)
• Chest infection (p. 96)
• Internal defences (of the non-specific immune system) (p. 97)
• Basophils, mast cells and eosinophils (p. 97)
• Natural killer cells (p. 98)
• Inflammatory response (p. 99)
• Prostaglandins, cytokines and the complement system (p. 99)
• Stages of the inflammatory response (p. 99)
• Specific immunity and the role of antibodies (p. 101)
• Antibodies (p. 101)
• T cells (p. 102)
• Cytotoxic and regulatory T cells (p. 102)
• Memory T cells (p. 102)
• Primary and secondary immune response (p. 103)
• Vaccination (p. 104)
• Lymphatic system (p. 104)
• Lymph nodes (p. 105)
• Lymphoid organs and tissues (p. 105)
• Spleen (p. 105)
• Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (p. 106)
• Chapter 6 Test yourself (p. 107)
• 7 Cardiovascular system (p. 111)
• Circulation (p. 111)
• Arteries and veins (p. 111)
• Capillaries (p. 113)
• Hydrostatic pressure (p. 113)
• Fluid exchange (p. 115)
• The heart (p. 115)
• Pericardium (p. 116)
• Myocardium and endocardium (p. 116)
• Four chambers, four vessels, four valves (p. 117)
• Right side of the heart (p. 118)
• Left side of the heart (p. 118)
• Aorta (p. 119)
• The cardiac cycle (p. 120)
• Cardiac output (p. 120)
• Cardiac output and exercise (p. 121)
• Intrinsic conduction (p. 121)
• Purkinjc fibres (p. 122)
• Conduction problems (p. 123)
• Cardiac arrest (p. 124)
• Surviving cardiac arrest (p. 125)
• Atrial fibrillation (p. 125)
• Speeding up (p. 126)
• Slowing down (p. 126)
• Chapter 7 Test yourself (p. 127)
• 8 Blood pressure (p. 131)
• Blood pressure (p. 131)
• Systolic and diastolic pressure (p. 132)
• Mean arterial pressure (p. 132)
• Venous return (p. 132)
• Preload and afterload (p. 133)
• Election fraction (p. 133)
• Short-term control of BP (p. 134)
• Resistance (p. 134)
• Cardiovascular centre (CVC) (p. 135)
• Proprioceptors and chemoreceptors (p. 135)
• Long-term control of blood pressure (p. 136)
• Preventing reabsorption (p. 138)
• Recording blood pressure (p. 138)
• Korotkoff sounds (p. 139)
• Chapter 8 Test yourself (p. 140)
• 9 Respiratory system (p. 143)
• Lungs (p. 143)
• Respiration (p. 145)
• Air and altitude (p. 145)
• Partial pressure (p. 145)
• Airways (p. 146)
• Nasal cavity (p. 147)
• Warming and humidifying (p. 147)
• Pharynx (p. 148)
• Eustachian drainage (p. 148)
• Oropharynx (p. 149)
• Larynx (p. 149)
• Speech (p. 150)
• Trachea (p. 150)
• Bronchial tree (p. 151)
• Asthma (p. 152)
• Reversing bronchoconstriction (p. 152)
• Alveoli (p. 152)
• Gaseous exchange (p. 154)
• Oxygen transport (p. 154)
• Oxygen saturation (p. 154)
• Carbon dioxide transport (p. 155)
• Respiratory drive (p. 156)
• Carbonic acid (p. 157)
• Inspiratory and expiratory centres (p. 158)
• Expiratory centre (p. 158)
• Involuntary control of breathing (p. 159)
• Voluntary control of breathing (p. 159)
• Hypoxic drive (p. 160)
• Hyperventilation (p. 161)
• Chapter 9 Test yourself (p. 161)
• 10 Renal system (p. 165)
• Urinary tract (p. 165)
• Kidneys (p. 166)
• Drainage (p. 167)
• Nephron (p. 167)
• Filtration (p. 168)
• Reabsorption (p. 169)
• Secondary active transport (p. 169)
• Water and glucose transport (p. 170)
• Secretion and hydrogen ions (p. 170)
• Urine (p. 171)
• Fluid balance (p. 172)
• Aldosterone and atrial natriuretic hormone (p. 172)
• Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) (p. 173)
• ADH deficiency (p. 174)
• Alcohol (p. 174)
• Water intoxication (p. 175)
• Fluid replacement (p. 175)
• Colour, clarity and odour of urine (p. 176)
• Urinalysis (p. 176)
• pH, specific gravity, erythrocytes and leucocytes (p. 177)
• Renal disease (p. 177)
• Dialysis (p. 177)
• Chapter 10 Test yourself (p. 178)
• 11 Digestive system (p. 181)
• Metabolism (p. 181)
• Carbohydrate (p. 181)
• Fibre and protein (p. 182)
• Fats and cholesterol (p. 182)
• Vitamins and minerals (p. 182)
• Pica (p. 183)
• Hunger and satiety (p. 183)
• Leptin and body mass index (p. 184)
• The peritoneum (p. 185)
• Gastric smooth muscle and mucosa (p. 186)
• The mouth and salivary glands (p. 187)
• Swallowing (p. 187)
• Stomach (p. 188)
• Gastric secretions (p. 190)
• Hydrochloric acid and pepsin (p. 190)
• Intestinal digestion (p. 191)
• Pancreas (p. 191)
• Pancreatic enzymes (p. 192)
• Jejunum and ileum (p. 192)
• Absorption (p. 193)
• Liver (p. 194)
• Functions of the liver (p. 194)
• Large intestine (p. 195)
• Commensal bacteria and gas (p. 195)
• Defecation (p. 196)
• Toilet reading (p. 196)
• Chapter 11 Test yourself (p. 197)
• Notes (p. 198)
• 12 Nervous system (p. 201)
• Central nervous system (p. 201)
• Peripheral nervous system (p. 202)
• Motor and sensory nerves (p. 203)
• Neurons (p. 204)
• Myelin (p. 204)
• Action potentials (p. 205)
• Synapses and neurotransmitters (p. 205)
• Glial cells (p. 206)
• Microglia, ependymal cells, satellite cells and Schwann cells (p. 206)
• Neuron damage (p. 207)
• Pain transmission (p. 207)
• Acute and chronic pain (p. 207)
• Nociception (p. 208)
• Reflexes (p. 209)
• Special senses (p. 209)
• Sound and balance (p. 210)
• Sight (p. 211)
• Brainstem (p. 213)
• Midbrain and reticular formation (p. 213)
• Cerebellum (p. 215)
• Diencephalon (p. 215)
• Hypothalamus and pituitary gland (p. 215)
• Epithalamus and pineal gland (p. 216)
• Limbic system (p. 216)
• Fornix and amygdala (p. 216)
• Cingulpate gyrus and mammillary bodies (p. 217)
• Olfactory bulbs (p. 217)
• Corpus callosum and hemispheric lateralisation (p. 217)
• Split-brain (p. 218)
• Cerebrum (p. 219)
• Primary motor cortex (p. 219)
• Parietal lobe (p. 221)
• Phantom limb pain (p. 221)
• Sensory association area (p. 221)
• Occipital lobe (p. 221)
• Temporal lobe (p. 222)
• Stroke (p. 222)
• Meninges (p. 223)
• Pia mater and cerebrospinal fluid (p. 223)
• Chapter 12 Test yourself (p. 224)
• Notes (p. 226)
• 13 Endocrine system (p. 229)
• Hormones (p. 229)
• Peptides, amino acid derivatives and lipid derivatives (p. 229)
• Receptors (p. 230)
• Water- and fat-soluble hormones (p. 230)
• Hypothalamus (p. 231)
• Oxytocin and ADH (p. 232)
• Anterior pituitary hormones (p. 232)
• Growth hormone (p. 233)
• Hyper- and hypo-secretion of growth hormone (p. 233)
• Prolactin (p. 233)
• Thyroid-stimulating hormone and the thyroid gland (p. 234)
• Hypothyroidism (p. 234)
• Hyperthyroidism (p. 236)
• Calcitonin and parathyroid hormone (p. 236)
• Adrenocorticotropic hormone (p. 236)
• Glucocorticoids (p. 238)
• Cortisol (p. 238)
• Cushing's disease (p. 239)
• Addison's disease (p. 239)
• Androgens (p. 239)
• Adrenaline and noradrenaline (p. 240)
• Pineal gland and melatonin (p. 240)
• Hormones of the gastrointestinal tract (p. 241)
• Gastrin, cholecystokinin and secretin (p. 241)
• Insulin and glucagon (p. 242)
• Amylin, somatostatin and pancreatic polypeptide (p. 242)
• Diabetes mellitus (p. 242)
• Type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus (p. 243)
• Hyperglycaemia and ketoacidosis (p. 243)
• Hypoglycaemia (p. 243)
• Hormones of the kidney (p. 244)
• Erythropoietin and renin (p. 244)
• Hormones of the heart and thymus gland (p. 244)
• Chapter 13 Test yourself (p. 245)
• 14 Reproductive system (p. 249)
• Reproduction (p. 249)
• Alleles (p. 250)
• Genetic diversity (p. 250)
• Male reproductive system (p. 251)
• Scrotum (p. 252)
• Testes (p. 252)
• Testosterone (p. 252)
• Epididymis (p. 254)
• Sperm transport (p. 254)
• Seminal vesicles, prostate and bulbourethral glands (p. 254)
• Prostate enlargement (p. 255)
• Urethra, penis and foreskin (p. 256)
• Erection (p. 256)
• Semen (p. 257)
• Ejaculation (p. 257)
• Vasectomy (p. 258)
• Female reproductive system (p. 258)
• Vagina (p. 259)
• Uterus (p. 260)
• Uterine tissue (p. 260)
• Fallopian tubes and fimbriae (p. 260)
• Ovaries (p. 261)
• Oogenesis (p. 262)
• Menstrual cycle and oestrogen (p. 262)
• Ovulation (p. 263)
• Progesterone (p. 263)
• Fertilisation (p. 265)
• Gender determination (p. 265)
• Twins and singletons (p. 266)
• Implantation (p. 266)
• Placenta (p. 267)
• Chapter 14 Test yourself (p. 267)
• Glossary (p. 271)
• Index (p. 289)

Author notes provided by Syndetics