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Armstrong's handbook of human resource management practice / Michael Armstrong.

By: Armstrong, Michael, 1928- [author].
Contributor(s): Armstrong, Michael, 1928-. Handbook of human resource management practice.
Material type: materialTypeLabelBookPublisher: London : Kogan Page, 2009Copyright date: ©2009Edition: 11th edition.Description: xxvi, 1062 pages : illustrations ; 25 cm.Content type: text Media type: unmediated Carrier type: volumeISBN: 9780749452421 (paperback); 0749452420 (pbk.) :.Other title: Human resource management practice.Subject(s): Personnel management -- Handbooks, manuals, etc | Business and Management | Personnel & human resources managementDDC classification: 658.3 | 658.3 ARM
Contents:
Part I: Human resource management -- Part II: Human resource management processes -- Part III: Work and employment -- Part IV: Organizational behaviour -- Part V: Organisation design and development -- Part VI: People resourcing -- Part VII: Performance management -- Part VIII: Learning and development -- Part IX: Rewarding people -- Part X: Employee relations -- Part XI: Health, safety and employee well-being -- Part XII: HR policies, procedures and systems.
Summary: Revised in the light of recent developments in HRM policy and practice, this text includes chapters on human capital management, the role of the front line manager, HR strategies, and implementing HR strategies and learning and development. It also incorporates the results of surveys and research projects conducted by professionals.
Holdings
Item type Current library Call number Copy number Status Barcode
General lending MTU Bishopstown Library Lending 658.3 (Browse shelf(Opens below)) 1 Available 00114849
General lending MTU Kerry North Campus Library First Floor Main 658.3 ARM (Browse shelf(Opens below)) 0 Available 38888000740203
General lending MTU Kerry North Campus Library First Floor Main 658.3 ARM (Browse shelf(Opens below)) 0 Available 38888000740195
Total holds: 0

Enhanced descriptions from Syndetics:

Armstrong's Handbook of Human Resource Management Practice is the classic text for all students and practitioners of HRM. Providing a complete resource for understanding and implementing HR in relation to the needs of the business as a whole, it includes in-depth coverage of all the key areas essential to the HR function. The 11th edition has been radically updated to create a cutting-edge textbook, which encourages and facilitates effective learning. Comprehensive on-line support material is provided for both the instructor and student; providing a complete teaching resource for lecturers and material for students to test their learning. The text has been updated to include all the latest developments in HRM, including a new chapter on social responsibility.

Rev. ed. of: A handbook of human resource management practice. 10th ed. 2006.

Includes indexes.

Part I: Human resource management -- Part II: Human resource management processes -- Part III: Work and employment -- Part IV: Organizational behaviour -- Part V: Organisation design and development -- Part VI: People resourcing -- Part VII: Performance management -- Part VIII: Learning and development -- Part IX: Rewarding people -- Part X: Employee relations -- Part XI: Health, safety and employee well-being -- Part XII: HR policies, procedures and systems.

Revised in the light of recent developments in HRM policy and practice, this text includes chapters on human capital management, the role of the front line manager, HR strategies, and implementing HR strategies and learning and development. It also incorporates the results of surveys and research projects conducted by professionals.

CIT Module MGMT 6014 - Core reading.

CIT Module MGMT 6011 - Core reading.

CIT Module MGMT 6010 - Core reading.

CIT Module HOSP 7011 - Core reading.

CIT Module MGMT 7044 - Core reading.

CIT Module MGMT 7036 - Supplementary readin

Table of contents provided by Syndetics

  • Part I Human Resource Management
  • 1 The Practice of Human Resource
  • Management
  • Introduction
  • Human resource management defined
  • The objectives of HRM
  • Theories of HRM
  • Characteristics of HRM
  • The development of the concept of HRM
  • Reservations about HRM
  • The context of HRM
  • The ethical dimension
  • 2 Strategic Human Resource
  • Management
  • Introduction
  • The conceptual basis of strategic HRM
  • Strategic HRM defined
  • The resource-based view of strategic HRM
  • Strategic fit
  • Perspectives on strategic HRM
  • The reality of strategic HRM
  • Practical implications of strategic HRM theory
  • 3 HR Strategies
  • Introduction
  • What are HR strategies?
  • General HR strategies
  • Specific HR strategies
  • Criteria for an effective HR strategy
  • How should HR strategies be formulated?
  • Developing HR strategies
  • Implementing HR strategies
  • 4 Human Capital
  • Management
  • Introduction
  • Human capital management defined
  • The concept of human capital
  • The constituents of human capital
  • Human capital measurement
  • Human capital internal reporting
  • Human capital external reporting
  • Introducing HCM
  • 5 The Role and Organization of the HR Function
  • Introduction
  • The role of the HR function
  • The organization of the HR function
  • Evaluating the HR function
  • HR shared service centres
  • Outsourcing HR work (p. 00)
  • Offshoring
  • Using management consultants
  • Marketing the HR function
  • HR budgeting
  • The HR role of front line managers
  • 6 The Role of the HR Practitioner
  • Introduction
  • The basic role
  • The business partner role
  • The strategic role of HR specialists
  • Service provision
  • The guardian of values role
  • Models of HR roles
  • Gaining support and commitment
  • Ethical considerations
  • Professionalism in human resource management
  • Ambiguities in the role of HR practitioners
  • Conflict in the HR contribution
  • The qualities required by HR professionals
  • Continuous professional development
  • 7 The Impact of HRM on Performance
  • Introduction
  • The impact made by HRM
  • How HRM strategies make an impact
  • How HRM practices make an impact
  • 8 International HRM
  • Introduction
  • International HRM defined
  • Issues in international HRM
  • Global HR policies and practices
  • Managing expatriates
  • 9 Corporate Social Responsibility
  • Introduction
  • Strategic CSR defined
  • CSR activities
  • The rationale for CSR
  • Developing a CSR strategy
  • 10 Human Resource Management Research Methods
  • Introduction
  • The nature of research
  • Research philosophy
  • Planning and conducting research programmes
  • Literature reviews
  • Quantitative and qualitative methods of research
  • Methods of collecting data
  • Processes involved in research
  • Statistical analysis
  • Part II Human Resource Management Processes
  • 11 Competency-based HRM
  • Introduction
  • Types of competencies
  • Competency frameworks
  • Coverage of competencies
  • Applications of competency-based HRM
  • Developing a competency framework Competencies and emotional intelligence
  • 12 Knowledge Management
  • Introduction
  • Knowledge management defined
  • The concept of knowledge
  • The purpose and significance of knowledge management
  • Knowledge management strategies
  • Knowledge management systems
  • Knowledge management issues
  • The contribution of HR to knowledge management
  • 13 High-performance Work Systems
  • Introduction
  • High-performance culture
  • High-performance work system defined
  • Characteristics of a high-performance work system
  • Components of an HPWS
  • Impact of high-performance work systems
  • Reservations about the impact of an HPWS
  • Developing a high-performance work system
  • Part III Work and Employment
  • 14 Work
  • Introduction
  • The nature of work
  • Organizational factors affecting work
  • Changes in the pattern of employment
  • The future of work
  • 15 The Employment Relationship
  • Introduction
  • The employment relationship defined
  • The basis of the employment relationship
  • Employment relationship contracts
  • What is happening to the employment relationship
  • Managing the employment relationship
  • Developing a high trust organization
  • Theories explaining the employment relationship
  • 16 The Psychological Contract
  • Introduction
  • The psychological contract defined
  • The psychological contract and the employment relationship
  • The significance of the psychological contract
  • Changes to the psychological contract
  • State of the psychological contract 2004
  • How psychological contracts develop
  • Developing and maintaining a positive psychological contract
  • 17 The Essence of Organizational Behaviour
  • Introduction
  • Organizational behaviour defined
  • Organizational behaviour defined
  • Organization behaviour and the social and behavioural sciences
  • Explaining organizational behaviour
  • Factors affecting organizational behaviour
  • The sources and applications of organization behaviour theory
  • The significance of organizational behaviour theory
  • Part IV Organizational Behaviour
  • 18 Characteristics of People
  • Introduction
  • Individual differences
  • Personal characteristics
  • Types of behaviour
  • Implications for HR specialists
  • 19 Motivation
  • Introduction
  • Motivation defined
  • Types of motivation
  • Motivation theories
  • Motivation and money
  • Motivation strategies
  • 20 Engagement and Commitment
  • Introduction
  • The concepts of engagement and commitment compared
  • Employee engagement
  • Organizational commitment
  • The contribution of HR to developing commitment
  • 21 How Organizations Function
  • Introduction
  • Organization theory
  • Organization structure
  • Types of organization
  • Organizational processes
  • 22 Organizational Culture
  • Introduction
  • Organizational culture defined
  • Organizational climate defined
  • How organizational culture develops
  • The diversity of culture
  • The components of culture
  • Classifying organizational culture
  • Assessing organizational culture
  • Measuring organizational climate
  • Appropriate cultures
  • Supporting and changing cultures
  • Part V Organization Design and Development
  • 23 Organization Design
  • Introduction
  • The process of organizing
  • Aims of organization design
  • Conducting organization reviews
  • Who does the work?
  • 24 Organization Development
  • Introduction
  • Organization development defined
  • Organization development programmes
  • Assumptions and values of organization development
  • Organization development activities
  • 25 Change Management
  • Introduction
  • Types of change
  • The change process
  • Change models
  • Resistance to change
  • Implementing change
  • Guidelines for change management
  • Organizational transformation
  • The role of HR in managing change
  • 26 Job, Role, Competency and Skills Analysis
  • Introduction
  • Definitions
  • Job analysis
  • Job descriptions
  • Role analysis and role profiles
  • Generic role profiles
  • Behavioural competency modelling
  • Analysing technical competencies
  • Skills analysis
  • 27 Job and Role Design and Development
  • Introduction (p. 00)
  • Job design (p. 00)
  • Role development
  • Part VI People Resourcing
  • 28 People Resourcing Strategy
  • Introduction
  • The objective of people resourcing strategy
  • The strategic HRM approach to resourcing
  • Integrating business and resourcing strategies
  • The components of employee resourcing strategy
  • Bundling resourcing strategies and activities
  • 29 Human Resource Planning
  • Introduction
  • Human resource planning defined
  • Aims of human resource planning
  • Use of human resource planning
  • Approaches to human resource planning
  • 30 People Resourcing Practice
  • Introduction
  • Employee value proposition
  • Employer brand
  • Employee turnover
  • Retention planning
  • Absence management
  • Flexibility planning
  • 31 Recruitment and Selection
  • Introduction
  • The recruitment and selection process
  • Defining requirements
  • Attracting candidates
  • Processing applications
  • Selection methods
  • Dealing with recruitment problems
  • References and offers
  • 32 Selection Interviewing
  • Introduction
  • Purpose
  • The basis of an interview -- the person specification
  • The nature of an interview -- obtaining the information
  • Advantages and disadvantages of interviews
  • Interviewing arrangements
  • Preparation
  • Planning an interview
  • Types of interviews
  • Interview techniques -- starting and finishing
  • Interviewing techniques -- asking questions
  • Selection interviewing skills
  • Coming to a conclusion
  • 33 Selection Tests
  • Introduction
  • Psychological tests
  • Ability tests
  • Characteristics of a good test
  • Interpreting test results
  • Choosing tests
  • The use of tests in a selection procedure
  • Good practice in psychological testing
  • 34 Talent Management
  • Introduction
  • The meaning of talent management
  • The process of talent management
  • Developing a talent management strategy
  • Management succession planning
  • 35 Career Management
  • Introduction
  • Career management defined
  • Aims
  • Career stages
  • Career development strategy
  • Career management activities
  • The process of career management
  • Self-managed careers
  • 36 Introduction to the Organization
  • Introduction
  • Induction: what it is and why it is important
  • Reception
  • Documentation
  • Company induction -- initial briefing
  • Introduction to the workplace
  • Formal induction courses
  • On-the-job induction training
  • 37 Release from the Organization
  • Introduction
  • Redundancy
  • Dismissal
  • Retirement
  • Part VII Performance Management
  • 38 The Process of Performance Management
  • Introduction
  • Performance management defined
  • Objectives of performance management
  • Characteristics of performance management
  • Underpinning theories
  • The performance management cycle
  • Conducting a performance review meeting
  • Assessing performance
  • Dealing with under-performers
  • Introducing performance management
  • Line managers and performance management
  • 39 360-degree Feedback
  • Introduction
  • Use of 360-degree feedback
  • 360-degree feedback - methodology
  • 360-degree feedback -- advantages and disadvantages
  • Development and implementation
  • Part VIII Learning and Development
  • 40 Learning and Development Strategy
  • Introduction
  • Features of a learning and development strategy
  • Learning culture
  • The learning organization
  • The contribution of learning and development to organizational performance
  • 41 The Process of Learning and Development
  • Introduction
  • Learning and development defined
  • Elements of learning and development
  • Approaches to learning and development
  • Informal and formal learning
  • E-learning
  • Blended learning
  • Self-directed learning
  • Development
  • Training
  • 42 Learning and Development Programmes and Events
  • Introduction
  • The business case for learning and development
  • Planning and delivering learning programmes and events
  • Responsibility for the implementation of learning
  • Identifying learning needs
  • Evaluation of learning
  • 43 How People Learn
  • Introduction
  • Learning defined
  • The learning process
  • Learning theory
  • Learning styles
  • Learning to learn
  • The learning curve
  • The motivation to learn
  • The implications of learning theory and concepts
  • 44 Organizational Learning
  • Introduction
  • Organizational learning defined
  • The process of organizational learning
  • Outcomes of organizational learning
  • Outcomes of organizational learning
  • Evaluative enquiry
  • Organizational learning and the learning organization
  • 45 Management Development
  • Introduction
  • Management development policy
  • Management development strategy
  • Approaches to management development
  • The integrated approach to management development
  • Responsibility for management development
  • Criteria for management development
  • Part IX Rewarding People
  • 46 Reward Management
  • Introduction
  • Reward management defined
  • The philosophy of reward management
  • The reward system
  • Total reward
  • Reward strategy
  • Reward management and line management capability
  • 47 Job Evaluation
  • Introduction
  • Job evaluation defined
  • Approaches
  • Analytical job evaluation schemes
  • Non-analytical schemes
  • ]Market pricing
  • Computer-aided job evaluation
  • Choice of approach
  • Designing an analytical point-factor job evaluation scheme
  • Designing an analytical matching job evaluation scheme
  • Equal pay considerations
  • Conclusions
  • 48 Market Rate Analysis
  • Introduction
  • The concept of a market rate
  • Job matching
  • Use of benchmark jobs
  • Sources of market data
  • Interpreting and presenting market rate data
  • Using survey data
  • 49 Grade and Pay Structures Introduction (p. 00)
  • Definitions
  • Types of grade and pay structure
  • Designing grade and pay structures
  • 50 Contingent Pay
  • Introduction
  • Contingent pay as a motivator
  • Arguments for and against contingent pay
  • Alternatives to contingent pay
  • Criteria for success
  • Performance-related pay
  • Competency-related pay
  • Contribution-related pay
  • Skill-based pay
  • Readiness for individual contingent pay
  • Developing and implementing individual contingent pay
  • Service-related pay
  • Summary of individual contingent pay schemes
  • Bonus schemes
  • Team-based pay
  • Organization-wide bonus schemes
  • Choice of approach to contingent pay
  • 51 Rewarding Special Groups Reward management for directors and executives
  • Reward management for sales representatives
  • Paying manual workers
  • 52 Employee Benefits, Pensions and Allowances
  • Employee benefits
  • Pensions
  • Communicating pensions policies
  • Total reward statements
  • Allowances
  • 53 Managing Reward Systems
  • Introduction
  • Controlling reward
  • Monitoring and evaluating reward policies and practices
  • Conducting pay reviews
  • Reward procedures
  • Managing the development of reward systems
  • Devolution to line managers of responsibility for reward
  • Communicating to employees
  • Part X Employee Relations
  • 54 The Employee Relations Framework
  • Introduction
  • The basis of employee relations
  • Industrial relations as a system of rules
  • Regulations and rules in industrial relations
  • Collective bargaining
  • The unitary and pluralist views
  • The concept of social partnership (p. 00)
  • Individualism and collectivism
  • Voluntarism and its decline
  • The HRM approach to employee relations
  • The context of industrial relations
  • Developments in industrial relations
  • The parties to employee relations
  • 55 Employee Relations Processes Introduction (p. 00)
  • Employee relations policies
  • Employee relations strategies (p. 00)
  • Employee relations climate
  • Union recognition
  • Collective bargaining arrangements
  • Collective bargaining outcomes
  • Informal employee relations processes
  • Other features of the industrial relations scene (p. 00)
  • Negotiating and bargaining
  • Managing with unions
  • Managing without trade unions
  • The state of employment relations
  • Handling employment issues
  • 56 Employee Voice
  • Introduction
  • The meaning of employee voice
  • The forms of employee voice
  • The framework for employee voice (p. 00)
  • Expression of employee voice
  • Joint consultation
  • Attitude surveys
  • Suggestion schemes
  • Effectiveness of employee involvement and participation
  • Planning for voice
  • EU Directives affecting employee voice procedures
  • 57 Employee Communications
  • Introduction
  • The importance of employee communications
  • What should be communicated?
  • Communication methods
  • Employee communication strategy
  • Part XI Health, Safety and Employee Well-being
  • 58 Health and Safety
  • Introduction
  • Managing health and safety at work
  • Health and safety policies
  • Conducting risk assessments
  • Health and safety audits
  • Health and safety inspections
  • Accident prevention
  • Occupational health programmes
  • Measuring health and safety performance
  • Communicating the need for better health and safety practices
  • Health and safety training
  • Organizing health and safety
  • 59 Employee Well-being Introduction (p. 00)
  • Significance of the work environment
  • Services for individuals
  • Group employee services
  • Part XII HR Policies, Procedures and Systems
  • 60 HR Policies
  • Introduction
  • Why have HR policies?
  • Overall HR policy
  • Specific HR policies
  • Formulating HR policies
  • Implementing HR policies
  • 61 HR Procedures What are HR procedures?
  • Capability procedure
  • Disciplinary procedure
  • Grievance procedure (p. 00)
  • Redundancy procedure
  • 62 HR Information Systems
  • Introduction
  • Reasons for introducing an HRIS
  • The functions of an HRIS (p. 00)
  • Features of an HRIS
  • Introducing an HRIS
  • Appendices
  • A Example of Employee Engagement and Commitment Survey
  • B Example of Performance Management Survey
  • C Example of Reward Survey
  • D Learning and Development Activities and Methods
  • E HRM Research Methods
  • Web Addresses
  • Subject/Author Index

Excerpt provided by Syndetics

Part I Human Resource Management 1. The Practice of Human Resource Management Introduction; Human resource management defined; The objectives of HRM; Theories of HRM; Characteristics of HRM; The development of the concept of HRM; Reservations about HRM; The context of HRM; The ethical dimension 2. Strategic Human Resource Management Introduction; The conceptual basis of strategic HRM; Strategic HRM defined; The resource-based view of strategic HRM; Strategic fit; Perspectives on strategic HRM; The reality of strategic HRM; Practical implications of strategic HRM theory 3. HR Strategies Introduction; What are HR strategies?; General HR strategies; Specific HR strategies; Criteria for an effective HR strategy; How should HR strategies be formulated?; Developing HR strategies; Implementing HR strategies 4. Human Capital Management Introduction; Human capital management defined; The concept of human capital; The constituents of human capital; Human capital measurement ; Human capital internal reporting; Human capital external reporting; Introducing HCM 5. The Role and Organization of the HR Function Introduction; The role of the HR function; The organization of the HR function; Evaluating the HR function; HR shared service centres; Outsourcing HR work 00; Offshoring; Using management consultants; Marketing the HR function; HR budgeting; The HR role of front line managers 6. The Role of the HR Practitioner Introduction; The basic role; The business partner role; The strategic role of HR specialists; Service provision; The guardian of values role; Models of HR roles; Gaining support and commitment; Ethical considerations; Professionalism in human resource management; Ambiguities in the role of HR practitioners; Conflict in the HR contribution; The qualities required by HR professionals; Continuous professional development 7. The Impact of HRM on Performance Introduction; The impact made by HRM; How HRM strategies make an impact; How HRM practices make an impact 8. International HRM Introduction; International HRM defined; Issues in international HRM; Global HR policies and practices; Managing expatriates 9. Corporate Social Responsibility Introduction; Strategic CSR defined; CSR activities; The rationale for CSR; Developing a CSR strategy 10. Human Resource Management Research Methods Introduction; The nature of research; Research philosophy; Planning and conducting research programmes; Literature reviews; Quantitative and qualitative methods of research; Methods of collecting data; Processes involved in research; Statistical analysis Part II Human Resource Management Processes 11. Competency-based HRM Introduction; Types of competencies; Competency frameworks ; Coverage of competencies ; Applications of competency-based HRM; Developing a competency framework Competencies and emotional intelligence 12. Knowledge Management Introduction; Knowledge management defined; The concept of knowledge; The purpose and significance of knowledge management; Knowledge management strategies; Knowledge management systems; Knowledge management issues; The contribution of HR to knowledge management 13. High-performance Work Systems Introduction; High-performance culture; High-performance work system defined; Characteristics of a high-performance work system; Components of an HPWS; Impact of high-performance work systems; Reservations about the impact of an HPWS; Developing a high-performance work system Part III Work and Employment 14. Work Introduction; The nature of work; Organizational factors affecting work; Changes in the pattern of employment ; The future of work 15. The Employment Relationship Introduction; The employment relationship defined; The basis of the employment relationship; Employment relationship contracts; What is happening to the employment relationship; Managing the employment relationship ; Developing a high trust organization; Theories explaining the employment relationship 16. The Psychological Contract Introduction; The psychological contract defined; The psychological contract and the employment relationship; The significance of the psychological contract; Changes to the psychological contract; State of the psychological contract 2004; How psychological contracts develop; Developing and maintaining a positive psychological contract 17. The Essence of Organizational Behaviour Introduction; Organizational behaviour defined; Organizational behaviour defined; Organization behaviour and the social and behavioural sciences; Explaining organizational behaviour; Factors affecting organizational behaviour; The sources and applications of organization behaviour theory; The significance of organizational behaviour theory Part IV Organizational Behaviour 18. Characteristics of People Introduction; Individual differences; Personal characteristics; Types of behaviour; Implications for HR specialists 19. Motivation Introduction; Motivation defined; Types of motivation; Motivation theories; Motivation and money; Motivation strategies 20. Engagement and Commitment Introduction; The concepts of engagement and commitment compared; Employee engagement; Organizational commitment; The contribution of HR to developing commitment 21. How Organizations Function Introduction; Organization theory; Organization structure; Types of organization; Organizational processes 22. Organizational Culture Introduction; Organizational culture defined; Organizational climate defined; How organizational culture develops; The diversity of culture; The components of culture; Classifying organizational culture; Assessing organizational culture; Measuring organizational climate; Appropriate cultures; Supporting and changing cultures Part V Organization Design and Development 23. Organization Design Introduction; The process of organizing; Aims of organization design; Conducting organization reviews; Who does the work? 24. Organization Development Introduction; Organization development defined; Organization development programmes; Assumptions and values of organization development; Organization development activities 25. Change Management Introduction; Types of change; The change process; Change models; Resistance to change; Implementing change; Guidelines for change management; Organizational transformation; The role of HR in managing change 26. Job, Role, Competency and Skills Analysis Introduction; Definitions; Job analysis; Job descriptions; Role analysis and role profiles; Generic role profiles; Behavioural competency modelling; Analysing technical competencies; Skills analysis 27. Job and Role Design and Development Introduction 00; Job design 00; Role development Part VI People Resourcing 28. People Resourcing Strategy Introduction; The objective of people resourcing strategy; The strategic HRM approach to resourcing; Integrating business and resourcing strategies; The components of employee resourcing strategy; Bundling resourcing strategies and activities 29. Human Resource Planning Introduction; Human resource planning defined; Aims of human resource planning; Use of human resource planning; Approaches to human resource planning 30. People Resourcing Practice Introduction; Employee value proposition; Employer brand; Employee turnover ; Retention planning; Absence management; Flexibility planning 31. Recruitment and Selection Introduction; The recruitment and selection process; Defining requirements; Attracting candidates; Processing applications; Selection methods; Dealing with recruitment problems; References and offers 32. Selection Interviewing Introduction; Purpose; The basis of an interview -- the person specification; The nature of an interview -- obtaining the information ; Advantages and disadvantages Excerpted from Armstrong's Handbook of Human Resource Management Practice by Michael Armstrong All rights reserved by the original copyright owners. Excerpts are provided for display purposes only and may not be reproduced, reprinted or distributed without the written permission of the publisher.

Author notes provided by Syndetics

Michael Armstrong is a former Chief Examiner of the Chartered Institute of Personnel and Development, joint managing partner of e-reward and an independent management consultant. He has sold over 500,000 books on the subject of HRM (published with Kogan Page).