Enhanced descriptions from Syndetics:

Environmental Chemistry, Eighth Edition builds on the same organizational structure validated in previous editions tosystematically develop the principles, tools, and techniques of environmental chemistry to provide students and professionals with a clear understanding of the science and its applications.

Revised and updated since the publication of the best-selling Seventh Edition, this text continues to emphasize the major concepts essential to the practice of environmental science, technology, and chemistry while introducing the newest innovations to the field. The author provides clear explanations to important concepts such as the anthrosphere, industrial ecosystems, geochemistry, aquatic chemistry, and atmospheric chemistry, including the study of ozone-depleting chlorofluorocarbons. The subject of industrial chemistry and energy resources is supported by pertinent topics in recycling and hazardous waste. Several chapters review environmental biochemistry and toxicology, and the final chapters describe analytical methods for measuring chemical and biological waste.

New features in this edition include: enhanced coverage of chemical fate and transport; industrial ecology, particularly how it is integrated with green chemistry; conservation principles and recent accomplishments in sustainable chemical science and technology; a new chapter addressing terrorism and threats to the environment; and the use of real world examples.

Table of contents provided by Syndetics

• Chapter 1. Environmental Science, Technology, and Chemistry (p. 1)
• 1.1. What is Environmental Science? (p. 1)
• 1.2. Environmental Chemistry and Environmental Biochemistry (p. 3)
• 1.3. Water, Air, Earth, Life, and Technology (p. 5)
• 1.4. Ecology and the Biosphere (p. 7)
• 1.5. Energy and Cycles of Energy (p. 9)
• 1.6. Matter and Cycles of Matter (p. 11)
• 1.7. Human Impact and Pollution (p. 20)
• 1.8. Technology: The Problems It Poses and the Solutions It Offers (p. 21)
• Chapter 2. The Anthrosphere, Industrial Ecosystems, and Environmental Chemistry (p. 27)
• 2.1. The Anthrosphere (p. 27)
• 2.2. Technology and the Anthrosphere (p. 28)
• 2.3. Infrastructure (p. 30)
• 2.4. Dwellings (p. 32)
• 2.5. Transportation (p. 34)
• 2.6. Communications (p. 35)
• 2.7. Food and Agriculture (p. 36)
• 2.8. Manufacturing (p. 37)
• 2.9. Effects of the Anthrosphere on Earth (p. 41)
• 2.10. Integration of the Anthrosphere into the Total Environment (p. 41)
• 2.11. The Anthrosphere and Industrial Ecology (p. 43)
• 2.12. Environmental Chemistry (p. 48)
• Chapter 3. Fundamentals of Aquatic Chemistry (p. 55)
• 3.1. Water Quality and Quantity (p. 55)
• 3.2. The Properties of Water, a Unique Substance (p. 59)
• 3.3. The Characteristics of Bodies of Water (p. 61)
• 3.4. Aquatic Life (p. 62)
• 3.5. Introduction to Aquatic Chemistry (p. 64)
• 3.6. Gases in Water (p. 64)
• 3.7. Water Acidity and Carbon Dioxide in Water (p. 66)
• 3.8. Alkalinity (p. 70)
• 3.9. Calcium and Other Metals in Water (p. 74)
• 3.10. Complexation and Chelation (p. 77)
• 3.11. Bonding and Structure of Metal Complexes (p. 80)
• 3.12. Calculations of Species Concentrations (p. 80)
• 3.13. Complexation by Deprotonated Ligands (p. 81)
• 3.14. Complexation by Protonated Ligands (p. 83)
• 3.15. Solubilization of Lead Ion from Solids by NTA (p. 84)
• 3.16. Polyphosphates in Water (p. 89)
• 3.17. Complexation by Humic Substances (p. 91)
• 3.18. Complexation and Redox Processes (p. 93)
• Chapter 4. Oxidation-Reduction (p. 99)
• 4.1. The Significance of Oxidation-Reduction Phenomena (p. 99)
• 4.2. The Electron and Redox Reactions (p. 101)
• 4.3. Electron Activity and pE (p. 103)
• 4.4. The Nernst Equation (p. 105)
• 4.5. Reaction Tendency: Whole Reaction from Half-Reactions (p. 106)
• 4.6. The Nernst Equation and Chemical Equilibrium (p. 107)
• 4.8. Reactions in Terms of One Electron-Mole (p. 108)
• 4.9. The Limits of pE in Water (p. 110)
• 4.10. pE Values in Natural Water Systems (p. 112)
• 4.11. pE-pH Diagrams (p. 113)
• 4.12. Corrosion (p. 117)
• Chapter 5. Phase Interactions (p. 121)
• 5.1. Chemical Interactions Involving Solids, Gases, and Water (p. 121)
• 5.2. Importance and Formation of Sediments (p. 122)
• 5.3. Solubilities (p. 124)
• 5.4. Colloidal Particles in Water (p. 127)
• 5.5. The Colloidal Properties of Clays (p. 131)
• 5.6. Aggregation of Particles (p. 132)
• 5.7. Surface Sorption by Solids (p. 134)
• 5.8. Ion Exchange with Bottom Sediments (p. 136)
• 5.9. Sorption of Gases--Gases in Interstitial Water (p. 141)
• Chapter 6. Aquatic Microbial Biochemistry (p. 147)
• 6.1. Aquatic Biochemical Processes (p. 147)
• 6.2. Algae (p. 149)
• 6.3. Fungi (p. 151)
• 6.4. Protozoa (p. 151)
• 6.5. Bacteria (p. 152)
• 6.6. The Prokaryotic Bacterial Cell (p. 154)
• 6.7. Kinetics of Bacterial Growth (p. 155)
• 6.8. Bacterial Metabolism (p. 156)
• 6.9. Microbial Transformations of Carbon (p. 159)
• 6.10. Biodegradation of Organic Matter (p. 163)
• 6.11. Microbial Transformations of Nitrogen (p. 168)
• 6.12. Microbial Transformations of Phosphorus and Sulfur (p. 173)
• 6.13. Microbial Transformations of Halogens and Organohalides (p. 176)
• 6.14. Microbial Transformations of Metals and Metalloids (p. 177)
• 6.15. Microbial Corrosion (p. 180)
• Chapter 7. Water Pollution (p. 187)
• 7.1. Nature and Types of Water Pollutants (p. 187)
• 7.2. Elemental Pollutants (p. 189)
• 7.3. Heavy Metals (p. 190)
• 7.4. Metalloids (p. 193)
• 7.5. Organically Bound Metals and Metalloids (p. 193)
• 7.6. Inorganic Species (p. 196)
• 7.7. Algal Nutrients and Eutrophication (p. 198)
• 7.8. Acidity, Alkalinity, and Salinity (p. 199)
• 7.9. Oxygen, Oxidants, and Reductants (p. 201)
• 7.10. Organic Pollutants (p. 202)
• 7.11. Pesticides in Water (p. 208)
• 7.12. Polychlorinated Biphenyls (p. 216)
• 7.13. Radionuclides in the Aquatic Environment (p. 219)
• Chapter 8. Water Treatment (p. 229)
• 8.1. Water Treatment and Water Use (p. 229)
• 8.2. Municipal Water Treatment (p. 229)
• 8.3. Treatment of Water for Industrial Use (p. 230)
• 8.4 Sewage Treatment (p. 231)
• 8.5. Industrial Wastewater Treatment (p. 237)
• 8.6. Removal of Solids (p. 238)
• 8.7. Removal of Calcium and Other Metals (p. 240)
• 8.8. Removal of Dissolved Organics (p. 245)
• 8.9. Removal of Dissolved Inorganics (p. 247)
• 8.10. Sludge (p. 253)
• 8.11. Water Disinfection (p. 255)
• 8.12. Natural Water Purification Processes (p. 257)
• 8.13. Water Reuse and Recycling (p. 259)
• Chapter 9. The Atmosphere and Atmospheric Chemistry (p. 265)
• 9.1. The Atmosphere and Atmospheric Chemistry (p. 265)
• 9.2. Importance of the Atmosphere (p. 267)
• 9.3. Physical Characteristics of the Atmosphere (p. 268)
• 9.4. Energy Transfer in the Atmosphere (p. 271)
• 9.5. Atmospheric Mass Transfer, Meteorology, and Weather (p. 276)
• 9.6. Inversions and Air Pollution (p. 281)
• 9.7. Global Climate and Microclimate (p. 283)
• 9.9. Acid-Base Reactions in the Atmosphere (p. 294)
• 9.10. Reactions of Atmospheric Oxygen (p. 295)
• 9.11. Reactions of Atmospheric Nitrogen (p. 299)
• 9.12 Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide (p. 300)
• 9.13. Atmospheric Water (p. 302)
• Chapter 10. Particles in the Atmosphere (p. 307)
• 10.1. Particles in the Atmosphere (p. 307)
• 10.2. Physical Behavior of Particles in the Atmosphere (p. 309)
• 10.3. Physical Processes for Particle Formation (p. 311)
• 10.4. Chemical Processes for Particle Formation (p. 311)
• 10.5. The Composition of Inorganic Particles (p. 314)
• 10.6. Toxic Metals (p. 317)
• 10.7 Radioactive Particles (p. 318)
• 10.8. The Composition of Organic Particles (p. 319)
• 10.9. Effects of Particles (p. 320)
• 10.10. Water as Particulate Matter (p. 321)
• 10.11. Control of Particulate Emissions (p. 322)
• Chapter 11. Gaseous Inorganic Air Pollutants (p. 329)
• 11.1 Inorganic Pollutant Gases (p. 329)
• 11.2. Production and Control of Carbon Monoxide (p. 329)
• 11.3. Fate of Atmospheric CO (p. 330)
• 11.4. Sulfur Dioxide Sources and the Sulfur Cycle (p. 331)
• 11.5. Sulfur Dioxide Reactions in the Atmosphere (p. 332)
• 11.6. Nitrogen Oxides in the Atmosphere (p. 338)
• 10.7. Acid Rain (p. 345)
• 10.8. Ammonia in the Atmosphere (p. 346)
• 11.9. Fluorine, Chlorine, and Their Gaseous Compounds (p. 346)
• 11.10. Hydrogen Sulfide, Carbonyl Sulfide, and Carbon Disulfide (p. 348)
• Chapter 12. Organic Air Pollutants (p. 353)
• 12.1. Organic Compounds in the Atmosphere (p. 353)
• 12.2. Organic Compounds from Natural Sources (p. 354)
• 12.3. Pollutant Hydrocarbons (p. 357)
• 12.4. Aryl Hydrocarbons (p. 111)
• 12.5. Aldehydes and Ketones (p. 362)
• 12.6. Miscellaneous Oxygen-Containing Compounds (p. 364)
• 12.7. Organohalide Compounds (p. 367)
• 12.8 Organosulfur Compounds (p. 372)
• 12.9. Organonitrogen Compounds (p. 374)
• Chapter 13. Photochemical Smog (p. 379)
• 13.1. Introduction (p. 379)
• 13.2. Smog-Forming Automotive Emissions (p. 380)
• 13.3. Smog-Forming Reactions of Organic Compounds in the Atmosphere (p. 384)
• 13.4. Overview of Smog Formation (p. 387)
• 13.5. Mechanisms of Smog Formation (p. 388)
• 13.6. Reactivity of Hydrocarbons (p. 396)
• 13.7. Inorganic Products from Smog (p. 396)
• 13.8. Effects of Smog (p. 398)
• Chapter 14. The Endangered Global Atmosphere (p. 405)
• 14.1. Anthropogenic Change in the Atmosphere (p. 405)
• 14.2. Greenhouse Gases and Global Warming (p. 407)
• 14.3. Acid Rain (p. 413)
• 14.4. Ozone Layer Destruction (p. 417)
• 14.5. Photochemical Smog (p. 420)
• 14.6 Nuclear Winter (p. 423)
• 14.7. What Is to Be Done? (p. 425)
• Chapter 15. The Geosphere and Geochemistry (p. 431)
• 15.1. Introduction (p. 431)
• 15.2. The Nature of Solids in the Geosphere (p. 432)
• 15.3. Physical Form of the Geosphere (p. 437)
• 15.4. Internal Processes (p. 439)
• 15.5. Surface Processes (p. 441)
• 15.6 Sediments (p. 442)
• 15.7. Clays (p. 444)
• 15.8. Geochemistry (p. 445)
• 15.9. Groundwater in the Geosphere (p. 448)
• 15.10. Environmental Aspects of the Geosphere (p. 450)
• 15.11. Earthquakes (p. 452)
• 15.12 Volcanoes (p. 454)
• 15.13. Surface Earth Movement (p. 455)
• 15.14. Stream and River Phenomena (p. 456)
• 15.15. Phenomena at the Land/Ocean Interface (p. 459)
• 15.16. Phenomena at the Land/Atmosphere Interface (p. 460)
• 15.17 Effects of Ice (p. 462)
• 15.18. Effects of Human Activities (p. 462)
• 15.20. Water Pollution and the Geosphere (p. 465)
• 15.21. Waste Disposal and the Geosphere (p. 466)
• Chapter 16. Soil Environmental Chemistry (p. 473)
• 16.1. Soil and Agriculture (p. 473)
• 16.2. Nature and Composition of Soil (p. 476)
• 16.3. Acid-Base and Ion Exchange Reactions in Soils (p. 484)
• 16.4. Macronutrients in Soil (p. 486)
• 16.5. Nitrogen, Phosphorus, and Potassium in Soil (p. 487)
• 16.6. Micronutrients in Soil (p. 491)
• 16.7. Fertilizers (p. 492)
• 16.8. Wastes and Pollutants in Soil (p. 494)
• 16.9. Soil Loss and Degradation (p. 497)
• 16.10. Genetic Engineering and Agriculture (p. 500)
• 16.11. Agriculture and Health (p. 501)
• Chapter 17. Principles of Industrial Ecology (p. 509)
• 17.1. Introduction and History (p. 509)
• 17.2. Industrial Ecosystems (p. 510)
• 17.3. The Five Major Components of an Industrial Ecosystem (p. 512)
• 17.4. Industrial Metabolism (p. 515)
• 17.5. Levels of Materials Utilization (p. 518)
• 17.6. Links to Other Environmental Spheres (p. 519)
• 17.7. Consideration of Environmental Impacts in Industrial Ecology (p. 521)
• 17.8. Three Key Attributes: Energy, Materials, Diversity (p. 523)
• 17.9. Life Cycles: Expanding and Closing the Materials Loop (p. 528)
• 17.10. Life-Cycle Assessment (p. 531)
• 17.11. Consumable, Recyclable, and Service (Durable) Products (p. 532)
• 17.12. Design for Environment (p. 534)
• 17.13. Overview of an Integrated Industrial Ecosystem (p. 537)
• 17.14. The Kalundborg Example (p. 539)
• 17.15. Societal Factors and the Environmental Ethic (p. 540)
• Chapter 18. Industrial Ecology, Resources, and Energy (p. 545)
• 18.1. Introduction (p. 545)
• 18.2. Minerals in the Geosphere (p. 546)
• 18.3. Extraction and Mining (p. 547)
• 18.4 Metals (p. 549)
• 18.5. Metal Resources and Industrial Ecology (p. 549)
• 18.6. Nonmetal Mineral Resources (p. 558)
• 18.7. Phosphates (p. 559)
• 18.8. Sulfur (p. 561)
• 18.9. Wood--A Major Renewable Resource (p. 562)
• 18.10. The Energy Problem (p. 563)
• 18.11. World Energy Resources (p. 564)
• 18.12. Energy Conservation (p. 565)
• 18.13. Energy Conversion Processes (p. 566)
• 18.13. Petroleum and Natural Gas (p. 567)
• 18.14. What is Environmental Science? (p. 570)
• 18.15. Nuclear Fission Power (p. 574)
• 18.16. Nuclear Fusion Power (p. 576)
• 18.17. Geothermal Energy (p. 578)
• 18.18. The Sun: An Ideal Energy Source (p. 578)
• 18.19. Energy from Biomass (p. 578)
• 18.20. Future Energy Sources (p. 582)
• 18.21. Extending Resources through the Practice of Industrial Ecology (p. 582)
• Chapter 19. Nature, Sources, and Environmental Chemistry of Hazardous Wastes (p. 591)
• 19.1. Introduction (p. 591)
• 19.2 Classification of Hazardous Substances and Wastes? (p. 593)
• 19.3. Sources of Wastes (p. 595)
• 19.4. Flammable and Combustible Substances (p. 598)
• 19.5. Reactive Substances (p. 601)
• 19.6. Corrosive Substances (p. 603)
• 19.7. Toxic Substances (p. 605)
• 19.8. Physical Forms and Segregation of Wastes (p. 605)
• 19.9. Environmental Chemistry of Hazardous Wastes (p. 606)
• 19.10. Physical and Chemical Properties of Hazardous Wastes (p. 607)
• 19.11. Transport, Effects, and Fates of Hazardous Wastes (p. 608)
• 19.12. Hazardous Wastes and the Anthrosphere (p. 610)
• 19.13. Hazardous Wastes in the Geosphere (p. 611)
• 19.14. Hazardous Wastes in the Hydrosphere (p. 614)
• 19.15. Hazardous Wastes in the Atmosphere (p. 617)
• 19.16. Hazardous Wastes in the Biosphere (p. 619)
• Chapter 20. Industrial Ecology for Waste Minimization, Utilization, and Treatment (p. 627)
• 20.1. Introduction (p. 627)
• 20.2. Waste Reduction and Minimization (p. 628)
• 20.3. Recycling (p. 631)
• 20.4. Physical Methods of Waste Treatment (p. 635)
• 20.5. Chemical Treatment: An Overview (p. 639)
• 20.6. Photolytic Reactions (p. 645)
• 20.7. Thermal Treatment Methods (p. 646)
• 20.8. Biodegradation of Wastes (p. 650)
• 20.9. Land Treatment and Composting (p. 652)
• 20.10. Preparation of Wastes for Disposal (p. 653)
• 20.11. Ultimate Disposal of Wastes (p. 656)
• 20.12. Leachate and Gas Emissions (p. 659)
• 20.13. In-Situ Treatment (p. 660)
• Chapter 21. Environmental Biochemistry (p. 669)
• 21.1. Biochemistry (p. 669)
• 21.2. Biochemistry and the Cell (p. 670)
• 21.3. Proteins (p. 672)
• 21.4. Carbohydrates (p. 676)
• 21.5. Lipids (p. 678)
• 21.6. Enzymes (p. 680)
• 21.7. Nucleic Acids (p. 684)
• 21.8. Recombinant DNA and Genetic Engineering (p. 688)
• 21.9. Metabolic Processes (p. 688)
• 21.10. Metabolism of Xenobiotic Compounds (p. 689)
• Chapter 22. Toxicological Chemistry (p. 695)
• 22.1. Introduction to Toxicology and Toxicological Chemistry (p. 695)
• 22.2. Dose-Response Relationships (p. 698)
• 22.3. Relative Toxicities (p. 698)
• 22.4. Reversibility and Sensitivity (p. 699)
• 22.5. Xenobiotic and Endogenous Substances (p. 701)
• 22.6. Toxicological Chemistry (p. 702)
• 22.7. Kinetic Phase and Dynamic Phase (p. 704)
• 22.8. Teratogenesis, Mutagenesis, Carcinogenesis, and Effects on the Immune and Reproductive Systems (p. 707)
• 22.9. Health Hazards (p. 713)
• Chapter 23. Toxicological Chemistry of Chemical Substances (p. 721)
• 23.1. Introduction (p. 721)
• 23.2. Toxic Elements and Elemental Forms (p. 723)
• 23.3. Toxic Inorganic Compounds (p. 724)
• 23.4. Toxicology of Organic Compounds (p. 730)
• Chapter 24. Chemical Analysis of Water and Wastewater (p. 753)
• 24.1. General Aspects of Environmental Chemical Analysis (p. 753)
• 24.2. Classical Methods (p. 754)
• 24.3. Spectrophotometric Methods (p. 756)
• 24.4. Electrochemical Methods of Analysis (p. 759)
• 24.5. Chromatography (p. 761)
• 24.6. Mass Spectrometry (p. 764)
• 24.7. Analysis of Water Samples (p. 764)
• 24.8. Automated Water Analyses (p. 770)
• Chapter 25. Analysis of Wastes and Solids (p. 777)
• 25.1. Introduction (p. 777)
• 25.2. Sample Digestions (p. 778)
• 25.3. Analyte Isolation for Organics Analysis (p. 779)
• 25.4. Sample Cleanups (p. 782)
• 25.5. Immunoassay Screening of Wastes (p. 783)
• 25.6. Determination of Chelating Agents (p. 784)
• 25.7. Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedures (p. 784)
• Chapter 26. Air and Gas Analysis (p. 789)
• 26.1. Atmospheric Monitoring (p. 789)
• 26.2. Sampling (p. 790)
• 26.3. Methods of Analysis (p. 791)
• 26.4. Determination of Sulfur Dioxide (p. 793)
• 26.5. Nitrogen Oxides (p. 794)
• 26.6. Analysis of Oxidants (p. 795)
• 26.7. Analysis of Carbon Monoxide (p. 796)
• 26.8. Determination of Hydrocarbons and Organics (p. 797)
• 26.9. Analysis of Particulate Matter (p. 798)
• 26.10. Direct Spectrophotometric Analysis of Gaseous Air Pollutants (p. 803)
• Chapter 27. Analysis of Biological Materials and Xenobiotics (p. 809)
• 27.1. Introduction (p. 809)
• 27.2. Indicators of Exposure to Xenobiotics (p. 810)
• 27.3. Determination of Metals (p. 811)
• 27.4. Determination of Nonmetals and Inorganic Compounds (p. 812)
• 27.5. Determination of Parent Organic Compounds (p. 813)
• 27.6. Measurement of Phase 1 and Phase 2 Reaction Products (p. 813)
• 27.7. Determination of Adducts (p. 818)
• 27.8. The Promise of Immunological Methods (p. 818)
• Index (p. 875)