Enhanced descriptions from Syndetics:

Presenting a comprehensive overview of the fire resistance ofbuilding structures, this key text brings together a large volumeof material from many sources on this increasingly important topic.Starting with the fundamentals of fires and fire safety, the bookgives an introduction to real fire exposure and the response ofstructures to such fires, outlining the important contribution ofstructural fire resistance to overall fire safety. Methods ofcalculating fire severity and achieving fire resistance aredescribed, including fire performance of the main structuralmaterials including structural steel, reinforced concrete andtimber construction. Particularly valuable elements of the book areits design sections (incorporating international methods), wherethe earlier material is synthesised and recommendations are madefor rational design of building structures exposed to fires.

Structural Design for Fire Safety provides expert guidance on:

? Interpreting code requirements for fire safety
? Understanding the concepts of fire severity and fire resistance
? Estimating time-temperature curves for fully developedcompartment fires
? Understanding the behaviour of structural elements and buildingsexposed to fires
? Designing steel, concrete and timber structures to resist fireexposure
? Assessing the fire performance of existing structures

In addition, the book includes valuable calculations and workedexamples, unavailable elsewhere.

This is an essential book for structural engineers who wish toimprove their understanding of buildings exposed to severe fires.It is also an ideal textbook for introductory courses in firesafety in a civil or structural engineering degree programme, andis vital reading for final year students in fire protection andfire safety engineering. Furthermore, it successfully bridges theinformation gap between fire safety engineers, structural engineersand building inspectors, and will be of significant interest toarchitects, code officials, building designers and firefighters.

Table of contents provided by Syndetics

• Preface (p. xv)
• Notation (p. xvii)
• 1 Introduction (p. 1)
• 1.1 Overview (p. 1)
• 1.2 Objective of this Book (p. 1)
• 1.3 Target Audience (p. 1)
• 1.4 Fire Safety (p. 2)
• 1.5 Performance-based Building Codes (p. 2)
• 1.6 Documentation and Quality Control (p. 4)
• 1.7 Fire Resistance (p. 4)
• 1.8 Risk Assessment (p. 5)
• 1.9 Engineering Judgment (p. 5)
• 1.10 Units (p. 5)
• 1.11 Organization of this Book (p. 6)
• 2 Fire Safety in Buildings (p. 7)
• 2.1 Overview (p. 7)
• 2.2 Fire Safety Objectives (p. 7)
• 2.2.1 Life safety (p. 7)
• 2.2.2 Property protection (p. 8)
• 2.2.3 Environmental protection (p. 8)
• 2.3 Process of Fire Development (p. 8)
• 2.3.1 Fire behaviour (p. 10)
• 2.3.2 Human behaviour (p. 10)
• 2.3.3 Fire detection (p. 10)
• 2.3.4 Active control (p. 11)
• 2.3.5 Passive control (p. 12)
• 2.4 Conceptual Framework for Fire Safety (p. 12)
• 2.4.1 Scenario analysis (p. 12)
• 2.4.2 Quantitative risk assessment (p. 13)
• 2.4.3 Fire safety concepts tree (p. 14)
• 2.5 Fire Resistance (p. 16)
• 2.5.1 Objectives for fire resistance (p. 17)
• 2.5.2 Fire design time (p. 17)
• 2.5.3 Trade-offs (p. 19)
• 2.5.4 Repairability and reserviceability (p. 20)
• 2.6 Controlling Fire Spread (p. 21)
• 2.6.1 Fire spread within the room of origin (p. 21)
• 2.6.2 Fire spread to adjacent rooms (p. 22)
• 2.6.3 Fire spread to other storeys (p. 23)
• 2.6.4 Fire spread to other buildings (p. 25)
• 2.7 Building Construction for Fire Safety (p. 26)
• 2.7.1 Fire following earthquake (p. 26)
• 2.7.2 Fire during construction and alterations (p. 27)
• 2.7.3 Assessment and repair of fire damage (p. 30)
• 3 Fire and Heat (p. 35)
• 3.1 Overview (p. 35)
• 3.2 Fuels (p. 35)
• 3.2.1 Materials (p. 35)
• 3.2.2 Calorific value (p. 35)
• 3.2.3 Fire load (p. 37)
• 3.2.4 Heat release rate (p. 38)
• 3.3 Combustion (p. 38)
• 3.3.1 Chemistry (p. 38)
• 3.3.2 Phase change and decomposition (p. 39)
• 3.3.3 Premixed flames (p. 39)
• 3.3.4 Diffusion flames (p. 39)
• 3.3.5 Flame temperature (p. 39)
• 3.3.6 Established burning (p. 39)
• 3.3.7 Smouldering combustion (p. 40)
• 3.3.8 Calorimetry (p. 40)
• 3.4 Fire Initiation (p. 40)
• 3.4.1 Sources and mechanisms (p. 40)
• 3.4.2 Pilot ignition and auto-ignition (p. 41)
• 3.4.3 Flame spread (p. 41)
• 3.5 Burning Objects (p. 42)
• 3.6 t-squared Fires (p. 44)
• 3.6.1 Calculations (p. 45)
• 3.7 Pre-flashover Design Fires (p. 47)
• 3.7.1 Fire spread to other items (p. 47)
• 3.7.2 Room fires (p. 47)
• 3.8 Heat Transfer (p. 48)
• 3.8.1 Conduction (p. 48)
• 3.8.2 Convection (p. 51)
• 3.8.3 Radiation (p. 52)
• 4 Room Fires (p. 57)
• 4.1 Overview (p. 57)
• 4.2 Pre-flashover fires (p. 57)
• 4.2.1 Burning items in rooms (p. 57)
• 4.2.2 Room fires (p. 57)
• 4.2.3 Pre-flashover fire calculations (p. 59)
• 4.3 Flashover (p. 60)
• 4.3.1 Conditions necessary for flashover (p. 60)
• 4.4 Post-flashover Fires (p. 61)
• 4.4.1 Ventilation controlled burning (p. 61)
• 4.4.2 Fuel controlled burning (p. 65)
• 4.4.3 Temperatures (p. 67)
• 4.4.4 Computer models (p. 71)
• 4.5 Design Fires (p. 74)
• 4.5.1 Hand methods (p. 74)
• 4.5.2 Published curves (p. 74)
• 4.5.3 Eurocode parametric fires (p. 75)
• 4.6 Other Factors (p. 80)
• 4.6.1 Additional ventilation openings (p. 80)
• 4.6.2 Progressive burning (p. 81)
• 4.6.3 Localized fires (p. 82)
• 5 Fire Severity (p. 91)
• 5.1 Overview (p. 91)
• 5.2 Fire Severity and Fire Resistance (p. 91)
• 5.2.1 Verification (p. 91)
• 5.2.2 Fire exposure models (p. 94)
• 5.2.3 Design combinations (p. 95)
• 5.3 Fire Severity (p. 95)
• 5.4 Standard Fire (p. 96)
• 5.4.1 Time-temperature curves (p. 97)
• 5.4.2 Furnace parameters (p. 97)
• 5.5 Equivalent Fire Severity (p. 99)
• 5.5.1 Real fire exposure (p. 99)
• 5.5.2 Equal area concept (p. 99)
• 5.5.3 Maximum temperature concept (p. 100)
• 5.5.4 Minimum load capacity concept (p. 100)
• 5.5.5 Time-equivalent formulae (p. 101)
• 6 Fire Resistance (p. 107)
• 6.1 Overview (p. 107)
• 6.2 Fire Resistance (p. 107)
• 6.3 Assessing Fire Resistance (p. 107)
• 6.4 Fire-resistance Tests (p. 108)
• 6.4.1 Standards (p. 109)
• 6.4.2 Test equipment (p. 109)
• 6.4.3 Failure criteria (p. 110)
• 6.4.4 Standard of construction (p. 112)
• 6.4.5 Furnace pressure (p. 112)
• 6.4.6 Applied loads (p. 112)
• 6.4.7 Restraint and continuity (p. 113)
• 6.4.8 Small-scale furnaces (p. 114)
• 6.5 Approved Fire-resistance Ratings (p. 115)
• 6.5.1 Listings (p. 115)
• 6.5.2 Expert opinion (p. 116)
• 6.6 Fire Resistance by Calculation (p. 117)
• 6.6.1 Fire model (p. 118)
• 6.6.2 Heat transfer model (p. 118)
• 6.6.3 Structural model (p. 119)
• 6.7 Fire Resistance of Assemblies (p. 119)
• 6.7.1 Walls (p. 120)
• 6.7.2 Floors (p. 120)
• 6.7.3 Beams (p. 121)
• 6.7.4 Columns (p. 121)
• 6.7.5 Penetrations (p. 122)
• 6.7.6 Junctions and gaps (p. 122)
• 6.7.7 Seismic gaps (p. 123)
• 6.7.8 Fire doors (p. 123)
• 6.7.9 Ducts (p. 124)
• 6.7.10 Glass (p. 125)
• 6.7.11 Historical construction (p. 125)
• 7 Design of Structures Exposed to Fire (p. 127)
• 7.1 Overview (p. 127)
• 7.2 Structural Design at Normal Temperatures (p. 127)
• 7.2.1 Loads (p. 128)
• 7.2.2 Structural analysis (p. 129)
• 7.2.3 Design format (p. 129)
• 7.2.4 Material properties (p. 132)
• 7.2.5 Probability of failure (p. 134)
• 7.3 Structural Design in Fire Conditions (p. 135)
• 7.3.1 Design equation (p. 136)
• 7.3.2 Loads for fire design (p. 136)
• 7.3.3 Structural analysis for fire design (p. 138)
• 7.3.4 Computer calculations (p. 139)
• 7.4 Material Properties in Fire (p. 142)
• 7.4.1 Testing regimes (p. 142)
• 7.4.2 Components of strain (p. 143)
• 7.5 Design of Individual Members Exposed to Fire (p. 146)
• 7.5.1 Tension members (p. 146)
• 7.5.2 Compression members (p. 147)
• 7.5.3 Beams (p. 148)
• 7.6 Design of Structural Assemblies Exposed to Fire (p. 151)
• 7.6.1 Frames (p. 151)
• 7.6.2 Redundancy (p. 151)
• 7.6.3 Disproportionate collapse (p. 152)
• 7.6.4 Continuity (p. 152)
• 7.6.5 Plastic design (p. 158)
• 7.6.6 Axial restraint (p. 159)
• 7.6.7 After-fire stability (p. 165)
• 8 Steel Structures (p. 169)
• 8.1 Overview (p. 169)
• 8.2 Behaviour of Steel Structures in Fire (p. 169)
• 8.3 Fire-resistance Ratings (p. 170)
• 8.3.1 Verification methods (p. 170)
• 8.3.2 Generic ratings (p. 172)
• 8.3.3 Proprietary ratings (p. 172)
• 8.3.4 Calculated ratings (p. 174)
• 8.4 Steel Temperatures (p. 174)
• 8.4.1 Fire exposure (p. 174)
• 8.4.2 Calculation methods (p. 174)
• 8.4.3 Section factor (p. 175)
• 8.4.4 Thermal properties (p. 176)
• 8.4.5 Temperature calculation for unprotected steelwork (p. 177)
• 8.4.6 Temperature calculation for protected steelwork (p. 180)
• 8.4.7 Typical steel temperatures (p. 182)
• 8.4.8 Temperature calculation for composite construction (p. 182)
• 8.4.9 Temperature calculation for external steelwork (p. 186)
• 8.5 Protection Systems (p. 187)
• 8.5.1 Concrete encasement (p. 187)
• 8.5.2 Board systems (p. 188)
• 8.5.3 Spray-on systems (p. 190)
• 8.5.4 Intumescent paint (p. 190)
• 8.5.5 Protection with timber (p. 191)
• 8.5.6 Concrete filling (p. 191)
• 8.5.7 Water filling (p. 193)
• 8.5.8 Flame shields (p. 193)
• 8.6 Mechanical Properties of Steel at Elevated Temperature (p. 193)
• 8.6.1 Components of strain (p. 194)
• 8.6.2 Thermal strain (p. 194)
• 8.6.3 Creep strain (p. 194)
• 8.6.4 Stress-related strain (p. 195)
• 8.7 Design of Steel Members Exposed to Fire (p. 200)
• 8.7.1 Design methods (p. 200)
• 8.7.2 Design of individual members (p. 202)
• 8.7.3 Bolted and welded connections (p. 208)
• 8.7.4 Cast-iron members (p. 208)
• 8.8 Design of Steel Buildings Exposed to Fire (p. 209)
• 8.8.1 Multi-storey steel framed buildings (p. 209)
• 8.8.2 Car-parking buildings (p. 212)
• 8.8.3 Single-storey portal-frame buildings (p. 213)
• 9 Concrete Structures (p. 225)
• 9.1 Overview (p. 225)
• 9.2 Behaviour of Concrete Structures in Fire (p. 225)
• 9.2.1 High-strength concrete (p. 227)
• 9.2.2 Lightweight concrete (p. 227)
• 9.2.3 Fibre reinforced concrete (p. 228)
• 9.2.4 Spalling (p. 228)
• 9.2.5 Masonry (p. 229)
• 9.2.6 Prestressed concrete (p. 230)
• 9.2.7 External reinforcing (p. 231)
• 9.3 Fire-resistance Ratings (p. 231)
• 9.3.1 Verification methods (p. 231)
• 9.3.2 Generic ratings (p. 231)
• 9.3.3 Protection systems (p. 232)
• 9.3.4 Joints between precast concrete panels (p. 233)
• 9.4 Concrete and Reinforcing Temperatures (p. 233)
• 9.4.1 Fire exposure (p. 233)
• 9.4.2 Calculation methods (p. 233)
• 9.4.3 Thermal properties (p. 234)
• 9.4.4 Published temperatures (p. 236)
• 9.5 Mechanical Properties of Concrete at Elevated Temperatures (p. 239)
• 9.5.1 Test methods (p. 239)
• 9.5.2 Components of strain (p. 239)
• 9.5.3 Thermal strain (p. 239)
• 9.5.4 Creep strain and transient strain (p. 240)
• 9.5.5 Stress-related strain (p. 240)
• 9.6 Design of Concrete Members Exposed to Fire (p. 244)
• 9.6.1 Member design (p. 246)
• 9.6.2 Simply supported slabs and beams (p. 246)
• 9.6.3 Shear strength (p. 248)
• 9.6.4 Continuous slabs and beams (p. 248)
• 9.6.5 Axial restraint (p. 250)
• 9.6.6 Columns (p. 253)
• 9.6.7 Walls (p. 255)
• 9.6.8 Frames (p. 255)
• 9.7 Composite Steel-Concrete Construction Exposed to Fire (p. 255)
• 9.7.1 Composite slabs (p. 256)
• 9.7.2 Composite beams (p. 257)
• 9.7.3 Composite columns (p. 259)
• 10 Timber Structures (p. 273)
• 10.1 Overview (p. 273)
• 10.2 Description of Timber Construction (p. 273)
• 10.2.1 Heavy timber construction (p. 273)
• 10.2.2 Glulam (p. 274)
• 10.2.3 Behaviour of timber structures in fire (p. 274)
• 10.2.4 Fire-retardant treatments (p. 274)
• 10.3 Fire-resistance Ratings (p. 276)
• 10.3.1 Verification methods (p. 276)
• 10.4 Wood Temperatures (p. 277)
• 10.4.1 Temperatures below the char (p. 277)
• 10.4.2 Thermal properties of wood (p. 278)
• 10.5 Mechanical Properties of Wood (p. 278)
• 10.5.1 Mechanical properties of wood at normal temperatures (p. 279)
• 10.5.2 Mechanical properties of wood at elevated temperatures (p. 282)
• 10.6 Design Concepts for Heavy Timber Exposed to Fire (p. 292)
• 10.6.1 Verification (p. 294)
• 10.6.2 Charring rate (p. 295)
• 10.6.3 Corner rounding (p. 297)
• 10.6.4 Effect of heated wood below the char line (p. 298)
• 10.6.5 Summary (p. 301)
• 10.6.6 Design for real fires (p. 302)
• 10.6.7 Empirical equations (p. 304)
• 10.7 Design of Heavy Timber Members Exposed to Fire (p. 306)
• 10.7.1 Beams (p. 306)
• 10.7.2 Tension members (p. 307)
• 10.7.3 Columns (p. 307)
• 10.7.4 Beam-columns (p. 308)
• 10.7.5 Decking (p. 308)
• 10.7.6 Timber-concrete composite structures (p. 311)
• 10.8 Behaviour of Timber Connections in Fire (p. 312)
• 10.8.1 Metal fasteners (p. 313)
• 10.8.2 Nails and screws (p. 316)
• 10.8.3 Bolted connections (p. 317)
• 10.8.4 Truss plates (p. 318)
• 10.8.5 Timber connectors (p. 319)
• 10.8.6 Glued connections (p. 320)
• 11 Light Frame Construction (p. 327)
• 11.1 Overview (p. 327)
• 11.2 Description (p. 327)
• 11.3 Fire Behaviour (p. 330)
• 11.3.1 Walls (p. 331)
• 11.3.2 Floors (p. 331)
• 11.3.3 Buildings (p. 332)
• 11.4 Fire-resistance Ratings (p. 332)
• 11.4.1 Verification methods (p. 332)
• 11.4.2 Fire severity (p. 333)
• 11.4.3 Listings (p. 333)
• 11.4.4 Failure criteria (p. 333)
• 11.4.5 Additive methods (p. 335)
• 11.4.6 Onset of char method (p. 337)
• 11.5 Properties of Gypsum Plaster Board (p. 337)
• 11.5.1 Manufacture (p. 337)
• 11.5.2 Types of gypsum board (p. 338)
• 11.5.3 Chemistry (p. 339)
• 11.5.4 Thermal properties (p. 339)
• 11.5.5 Fire resistance (p. 341)
• 11.5.6 Ablation (p. 341)
• 11.6 Temperatures Within Light Frame Assemblies (p. 342)
• 11.6.1 Typical temperatures (p. 342)
• 11.6.2 Insulation (p. 343)
• 11.6.3 Charring (p. 343)
• 11.6.4 Calculation (p. 345)
• 11.7 Structural Behaviour (p. 346)
• 11.7.1 Timber stud walls (p. 347)
• 11.7.2 Steel stud walls (p. 351)
• 11.7.3 Timber joist floors (p. 353)
• 11.7.4 Timber trusses (p. 354)
• 11.8 Design of Light Frame Structures in Fire (p. 355)
• 11.9 Construction Details (p. 356)
• 11.9.1 Insulating batts (p. 356)
• 11.9.2 Number of layers (p. 357)
• 11.9.3 Fixing of sheets (p. 357)
• 11.9.4 Resilient channels (p. 358)
• 11.9.5 Penetrations (p. 360)
• 11.9.6 Party walls (p. 360)
• 11.9.7 Fire stopping, junctions (p. 361)
• 11.9.8 Conflicting requirements (p. 362)
• 11.10 Lightweight Sandwich Panels (p. 363)
• 11.10.1 Description (p. 363)
• 11.10.2 Structural behaviour (p. 363)
• 11.10.3 Fire behaviour (p. 363)
• 11.10.4 Fire resistance (p. 364)
• 11.10.5 Design (p. 365)
• 12 Design Recommendations (p. 367)
• 12.1 Overview (p. 367)
• 12.2 Summary of Main Points (p. 367)
• 12.2.1 Fire exposure (p. 367)
• 12.2.2 Fire resistance (p. 368)
• 12.3 Summary for Main Materials (p. 368)
• 12.3.1 Structural steel (p. 368)
• 12.3.2 Reinforced concrete (p. 369)
• 12.3.3 Heavy timber (p. 370)
• 12.3.4 Light frame construction (p. 370)
• 12.4 Thermal Analysis (p. 370)
• 12.5 Conclusions (p. 371)
• Appendix A. Units and conversion factors (p. 373)
• Appendix B. Fire load energy densities (p. 379)
• Appendix C. Section property tables for steel beams (p. 385)
• Appendix D. Generic fire-resistance ratings for reinforced concrete (p. 391)
• References (p. 399)
• Index (p. 417)

Author notes provided by Syndetics