Enhanced descriptions from Syndetics:

This second edition has been revised and expanded to meet the needs of today's medical students. In keeping with the original edition's ``less-is-more'' philosophy, this comprehensive yet concise text now includes coverage of AIDS immunology, T-Cell receptors, interleukins and other growth regulatory cytokines. Chapters feature clear, succinct introductions as well as sample questions and answers that prepare students for the national board examinations. The references have been updated, and the material now incorporates 10% more illustrations.

Table of contents provided by Syndetics

• Preface and Acknowledgments (p. xxi)
• Preface and Acknowledgments to the Third Edition (p. xxiii)
• Preface to the Second Edition (p. xxv)
• Preface to the First Edition (p. xxvii)
• Acknowledgments to the First and Second Editions (p. xxix)
• 1 Introduction and Overview (p. 1)
• Innate and Acquired Immunity (p. 2)
• Active, Passive, and Adoptive Immunization (p. 3)
• Characteristics of the Immune Response (p. 4)
• Cells Involved in the Acquired Immune Response (p. 4)
• Clonal Selection Theory (p. 5)
• Humoral and Cellular Immunity (p. 7)
• Generation of Diversity in the Immune Response (p. 11)
• Benefits of Immunology (p. 11)
• Damaging Effects of the Immune Response (p. 12)
• Regulation of the Immune Response (p. 13)
• The Future of Immunology (p. 13)
• 2 Elements of Innate and Acquired Immunity (p. 17)
• Innate (Nonspecific) Immunity (p. 17)
• Physiologic and Chemical Barriers (Skin and Mucous Membranes) (p. 18)
• Cellular Defenses (p. 18)
• Phagocytosis and Extracellular Killing (p. 18)
• Inflammation (p. 24)
• Fever (p. 26)
• Biologically Active Substances (p. 26)
• Acquired Immunity (p. 26)
• Cells Involved in the Immune Response (p. 27)
• Lymphatic Organs (p. 27)
• Lymphocyte Recirculation (p. 33)
• The Fate of Antigen After Penetration (p. 34)
• Interrelationship Between Innate and Acquired Immunity (p. 36)
• 3 Immunogens and Antigens (p. 41)
• Requirements for Immunogenicity (p. 42)
• Foreignness (p. 42)
• High Molecular Weight (p. 42)
• Chemical Complexity (p. 42)
• Degradability (p. 43)
• Haptens (p. 43)
• Further Requirements for Immunogenicity (p. 45)
• Primary and Secondary Responses (p. 46)
• Antigenicity and Antigen-Binding Site (p. 46)
• Epitopes Recognized by B Cells and T Cells (p. 47)
• Major Classes of Antigens (p. 49)
• Binding of Antigen with Antigen-Specific Antibodies or T Cells (p. 51)
• Cross-Reactivity (p. 51)
• Immunologic Adjuvants (p. 52)
• 4 Antibody Structure and Function (p. 57)
• Isolation and Characterization (p. 58)
• Structure of Light and Heavy Chains (p. 59)
• Domains (p. 62)
• Hinge Region (p. 63)
• Variable Region (p. 63)
• Immunoglobulin Variants (p. 65)
• Isotypes of Immunoglobulins (p. 65)
• Allotypes (p. 66)
• Idiotypes (p. 66)
• Structural Features of IgG (p. 69)
• Biologic Properties of IgG (p. 69)
• Agglutination and Formation of Precipitate (p. 71)
• Passage Through the Placenta and Absorption in Neonates (p. 72)
• Opsonization (p. 72)
• Antibody-Dependent, Cell-Mediated Cytotoxicity (p. 72)
• Activation of Complement (p. 73)
• Neutralization of Toxin (p. 73)
• Immobilization of Bacteria (p. 73)
• Neutralization of Viruses (p. 74)
• Structural Features of IgM (p. 74)
• Biological Properties of IgM (p. 74)
• Agglutination (p. 75)
• Isohemagglutinins (p. 75)
• Activation of Complement (p. 76)
• Structural and Biologic Properties of IgA (p. 76)
• Role in Mucosal Infections (p. 77)
• Bactericidal Activity (p. 78)
• Antiviral Activity (p. 78)
• Structural and Biologic Properties of IgD (p. 78)
• Structural and Biologic Properties of IgE (p. 79)
• Importance of IgE in Parasitic Infections and Hypersensitivity Reactions (p. 79)
• Kinetics of the Antibody Response Following Immunization (p. 79)
• Primary Response (p. 79)
• Secondary Response (p. 80)
• The Immunoglobulin Superfamily (p. 81)
• 5 Antigen-Antibody Interactions, Immune Assays, and Experimental Systems (p. 87)
• Primary Interactions Between Antibody and Antigen (p. 89)
• Association Constant (p. 90)
• Affinity and Avidity (p. 91)
• Secondary Interactions Between Antibody and Antigen (p. 91)
• Agglutination Reactions (p. 91)
• Precipitation Reaction (p. 94)
• Immunoassays (p. 98)
• Direct Binding Immunoassays (p. 98)
• Solid-Phase Immunoassays (p. 101)
• Immunofluorescence (p. 102)
• Direct Immunofluorescence (p. 102)
• Indirect Immunofluorescence (p. 103)
• Fluorescence-Activated Cell-Sorting Analysis (p. 103)
• Immunoabsorption and Immunoadsorption (p. 104)
• Assays to Assess Lymphocyte Function (p. 105)
• B-Cell and T-Cell Proliferation Assays (p. 105)
• Antibody Production by B Cells (p. 106)
• Effector Cell Assays for T Cells and NK Cells (p. 106)
• Cell Culture Systems (p. 106)
• Primary Cell Cultures and Cloned Lymphoid Cell Lines (p. 106)
• Monoclonal and Genetically Engineered Antibodies (p. 107)
• Monoclonal Antibodies (p. 107)
• T-Cell Hybridomas (p. 108)
• Genetically Engineered Molecules and Receptors (p. 108)
• Experimental Animal Models (p. 110)
• Inbred Strains (p. 110)
• Adoptive Transfer (p. 110)
• SCID Mice (p. 111)
• Thymectomized and Congenically Athymic (Nude) Mice (p. 111)
• Transgenic Mice and Gene Targeting (p. 111)
• Transgenic Mice (p. 111)
• Knockout Mice (p. 112)
• 6 The Genetic Basis of Antibody Structure (p. 117)
• A Brief Review of Nonimmunoglobulin Gene Structure and Gene Expression (p. 118)
• Genetic Events in the Synthesis of Immunoglobulin Chains (p. 120)
• Organization and Rearrangement of Light-Chain Genes (p. 120)
• Organization and Rearrangement of Heavy-Chain Genes (p. 122)
• Regulation of Immunoglobulin Gene Expression (p. 124)
• Class or Isotype Switching (p. 125)
• Generation of Antibody Diversity (p. 126)
• Presence of Multiple V Genes in the Germ Line (p. 126)
• VJ and VDJ Combinatorial Association (p. 126)
• Random Assortment of H and L Chains (p. 127)
• Junctional and Insertional Diversity (p. 127)
• Somatic Hypermutation (p. 127)
• Somatic Gene Conversion (p. 128)
• Receptor Editing (p. 129)
• 7 Biology of the B Lymphocyte (p. 135)
• Sites of Early B-Cell Differentiation (p. 135)
• Ontogeny of the B Lymphocyte (p. 136)
• Early Phases of B-Cell Differentiation: Pro-B and Pre-B Cells (p. 136)
• Immature B Cells (p. 138)
• Mature B Cells (p. 139)
• Anatomical Distribution of B-Cell Populations (p. 140)
• B-1 or CD5[superscript +] B Cells (p. 140)
• B-Cell Membrane Proteins (p. 141)
• Antigen-Binding Molecules: Membrane Immunoglobulin (p. 141)
• Signal Transduction Molecules Associated with Membrane Immunoglobulin (p. 142)
• Molecules Involved in Antigen Presentation (p. 142)
• Fc Receptor, CD32 (p. 143)
• CD21 (p. 143)
• 8 The Role of The Major Histocompatibility Complex in the Immune Response (p. 147)
• Variability of MHC Genes and Products (p. 148)
• Genetic Polymorphism (p. 150)
• Pattern of Expression (p. 150)
• Codominant Expression (p. 151)
• Structure of MHC Molecules (p. 151)
• Structure of MHC Class I Moleules (p. 151)
• Structure of MHC Class II Molecules (p. 153)
• Function of MHC Molecules (p. 154)
• Antigen Processing and Presentation (p. 156)
• MHC Molecules Bind Peptides Derived from Self-Molecules (p. 161)
• Inability to Respond to an Antigen (p. 161)
• One Antigen can Trigger MHC Class I- or Class II-Restricted Responses (p. 161)
• Diversity of MHC Molecules: MHC Association with Resistance and Susceptibility to Disease (p. 162)
• Other Genes Within the MHC Region (p. 164)
• 9 Biology of the T Lymphocyte (p. 169)
• Nature of the Antigen-Specific T-Cell Receptor (p. 169)
• Molecules That Interact with Antigen (p. 169)
• The T-Cell Receptor Complex (p. 170)
• CD4 and CD8 (p. 171)
• Interaction of the TCR with MHC Molecules (p. 172)
• [gamma delta] T Cells (p. 173)
• Genes Coding for T-Cell Receptors (p. 174)
• Generation of T-Cell Receptor Diversity (p. 174)
• T-Cell Differentiation in the Thymus (p. 175)
• Introduction (p. 175)
• Thymocytes Interact with Thymic Nonlymphoid Cells (p. 175)
• T-Cell Receptor Gene Rearrangement (p. 177)
• Thymic Selection (p. 178)
• Lymphocyte Trafficking to Tissues (p. 180)
• Specialized Cells Present Antigen to T Cells (p. 181)
• 10 Activation and Function of T and B Cells (p. 187)
• Activation of CD4[superscript +] T Cells (p. 187)
• Paired Interactions Between the APC and the CD4[superscript +] T Cell (p. 188)
• Intracellular Events in CD4[superscript +] T-cell Activation (p. 190)
• Functions of Costimulatory Pairs (p. 192)
• Subsets of CD4[superscript +] Cells Defined by Cytokine Production (p. 192)
• CD4[superscript +] T Memory Cells (p. 195)
• Function of CD8[superscript +] T Cells (p. 195)
• Killing of Target Cells by Cytotoxic T Cells (p. 196)
• T-Cell Recognition of Lipids (p. 198)
• Other Ways to Activate Unprimed T Cells (p. 200)
• Superantigens (p. 200)
• Plant Proteins and Antibodies to T-Cell Surface Molecules (p. 200)
• B-Cell Activation and Function (p. 201)
• T-B Cooperation (p. 201)
• The Carrier Effect (p. 203)
• T-Independent Responses (p. 204)
• B-Cell Activation in the Absence of T-Cell Help (p. 204)
• Intracellular Pathways in B-Cell Activation (p. 205)
• 11 Control Mechanisms in the Immune Response (p. 211)
• Tolerance (p. 211)
• Induction of Tolerance in Immature T and B Lymphocytes (p. 212)
• Regulation of Cell Death in Immature and Mature Lymphocytes (p. 214)
• Induction of Tolerance in Mature T and B Lymphocytes (p. 215)
• Fas-FasL Interactions (p. 215)
• Mechanisms That Inhibit T- and B-Cell Activation (p. 216)
• Other Potential Mechanisms of Regulating the Function of Lymphocytes (p. 217)
• Active Suppression via T Cells (p. 217)
• Idiotype Network (p. 218)
• Regulation of the Response in the Individual (p. 218)
• Age (p. 218)
• Neurologic and Endocrine Factors (p. 219)
• Expression of MHC Molecules (p. 219)
• Effects of Cytokines (p. 220)
• Effects of Antigen (p. 221)
• Immunologically Privileged Sites (p. 223)
• Immunosuppression by Drugs or Radiation (p. 224)
• 12 Cytokines (p. 229)
• The History of Cytokines (p. 229)
• General Properties of Cytokines (p. 231)
• Functional Categories of Cytokines (p. 233)
• Cytokines That Regulate Specific Immune Responses (p. 233)
• Cytokines Produced by T[subscript H]1 and T[subscript H]2 Cells (p. 235)
• Cytokines That Facilitate Innate Immune Responses and Activate Inflammatory Responses (p. 236)
• Chemokines: Cytokines That Affect Leukocyte Movement (p. 238)
• Cytokines That Stimulate Hematopoiesis (p. 238)
• Cytokine Receptors (p. 240)
• Cytokine Receptor-Mediated Signal Transduction (p. 243)
• Role of Cytokines and Cytokine Receptors in Disease (p. 243)
• Toxic Shock Syndrome (p. 244)
• Bacterial Septic Shock (p. 244)
• Cancers (p. 245)
• Autoimmunity (p. 245)
• Cytokine Antagonists and Inhibitors (p. 245)
• Therapeutic Uses of Cytokines and Cytokine Receptors (p. 246)
• Reversing Cellular Deficiences (p. 246)
• Treatment of Immunodeficiences (p. 246)
• Treatment of Cancer (p. 246)
• Treatment of Chronic Inflammatory Diseases (p. 247)
• Treatment of Transplant Patients (p. 247)
• Treatment of Allergies (p. 247)
• 13 Complement (p. 253)
• Historical Background (p. 253)
• The Activation Pathways and Their Proteins (p. 254)
• The Classical Pathway (p. 256)
• The Lectin Pathway (p. 257)
• The Alternative Pathway (p. 259)
• The Terminal Pathway (p. 264)
• Complement Control Proteins (p. 267)
• Other Complement Receptors (p. 268)
• Biological Activities of Complement (p. 269)
• Complement and Disease (p. 273)
• 14 Hypersensitivity Reactions: Antibody-Mediated (Type I) Reactions (p. 279)
• Historical Background (p. 280)
• General Characteristics of Type I Hypersensitivity (p. 280)
• Sensitization Phase (p. 281)
• IgE Antibody Production is T Cell-Dependent (p. 281)
• Activation Phase (p. 283)
• Effector Phase (p. 285)
• Preformed Mediators (p. 286)
• Newly Synthesized Mediators (p. 287)
• Late-Phase Reaction (p. 288)
• Clinical Aspects of Type I Hypersensitivity (p. 291)
• Allergic Rhinitis (p. 291)
• Food Allergies (p. 291)
• Atopic Dermatitis (p. 291)
• Asthma (p. 291)
• Detection (p. 292)
• Intervention (p. 293)
• The Protective Role of IgE (p. 295)
• 15 Hypersensitivity Reactions: Antibody-Mediated (Type II) Cytotoxic Reactions and Immune Complex (Type III) Reactions (p. 301)
• Type II Cytotoxic Reactions (p. 301)
• Introduction (p. 301)
• Transfusion Reactions (p. 303)
• Rh Incompatibility Reaction (p. 304)
• Autoimmune Reactions (p. 304)
• Drug-Induced Reactions (p. 305)
• Type III Immune Complex Reactions (p. 305)
• Introduction (p. 305)
• Systemic Immune Complex Disease (p. 306)
• Localized Immune Complex Disease (p. 307)
• Infection-Associated Immune Complex Disease (p. 307)
• Occupational Diseases (Hypersensitivity Pneumonitis) (p. 310)
• 16 Hypersensitivity Reactions: T-Cell-Mediated, Type IV--Delayed-Type Hypersensitivity (p. 317)
• General Characteristics (p. 318)
• Gross Appearance and Histology of the Reaction (p. 318)
• Mechanism of DTH (p. 318)
• Consequences of DTH (p. 320)
• Variants of DTH (p. 322)
• Treatment of Cell-Mediated Immunity (p. 324)
• 17 Autoimmunity (p. 329)
• Autoimmunity and Disease (p. 329)
• Criteria for Autoimmune Disease (p. 330)
• Direct Proof (p. 330)
• Indirect Evidence (p. 330)
• Circumstantial Evidence (p. 331)
• Etiology of Autoimmune Disease (p. 331)
• Genetic Factors in Autoimmune Disease (p. 331)
• Environmental Factors (p. 332)
• Examples of Autoimmune Disease (p. 335)
• Antibody-Mediated Autoimmune Disease (p. 335)
• Immune Complex-Mediated Autoimmune Disease (p. 337)
• T-Cell-Mediated Autoimmune Diseases (p. 339)
• Autoimmune Diseases Arising From Deficiency in Components of Complement (p. 342)
• 18 Immunodeficiency and Other Disorders of the Immune System (p. 347)
• Immune Deficiency Syndromes (p. 347)
• Primary Immunodeficiency Syndromes (p. 348)
• Secondary Immunodeficiency Syndromes (p. 361)
• Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) (p. 361)
• Initial Description and Epidemiology (p. 361)
• Human Immunodeficiency Virus (p. 362)
• Clinical Course (p. 364)
• Prevention, Control, and Therapy of HIV Infection (p. 367)
• Neoplasms of the Immune System (p. 368)
• B-Cell Neoplasms (p. 370)
• T-Cell Neoplasms (p. 372)
• Hodgkin's Disease (p. 373)
• 19 Transplantation Immunology (p. 379)
• Relationship Between Donor and Recipient (p. 379)
• The Role of the Immune Response in Allograft Rejection (p. 381)
• Clinical Characteristics of Allograft Rejection (p. 382)
• Hyperacute Rejection (p. 382)
• Acute Rejection (p. 382)
• Chronic Rejection (p. 383)
• Histocompatibility Antigens (p. 383)
• MHC Class I and Class II Molecules as Targets in Allograft Rejection (p. 384)
• Xenogeneic Transplantation (p. 385)
• Tests for Histocompatibility Antigens (p. 386)
• Serologic Detection of Transplantation Antigens (p. 386)
• Genotyping of Transplantation Epitopes (p. 387)
• Detection of Transplantation Antigens by Mixed Leukocyte Reaction (p. 387)
• Prolongation of Allograft Survival (p. 388)
• Antiinflammatory Agents (p. 389)
• Cytotoxic Drugs (p. 390)
• Cyclosporine, FK-506 (Tacrolimus), and Rapamycin (Sirolimus) (p. 390)
• Antibody Therapy and Blocking of Costimulatory Molecules (p. 391)
• Bone Marrow Transplantation (p. 392)
• Graft-Versus-Host Reactions (p. 393)
• Fetal--Maternal Relationship (p. 393)
• Heart Transplantation: A Personal Story (p. 394)
• 20 Tumor Immunology (p. 401)
• Tumor Antigens (p. 401)
• Categories of Tumor Antigens (p. 403)
• Normal Cellular Gene Products (p. 403)
• Mutant Cellular Gene Products (p. 404)
• Tumor Antigens Encoded by Viral Genes (p. 404)
• Immunologic Factors Influencing the Incidence of Cancer (p. 405)
• Effector Mechanisms in Tumor Immunity (p. 405)
• B-Cell Responses (p. 406)
• Cell-Mediated Responses (p. 407)
• Cytokines (p. 410)
• Limitations of the Effectiveness of the Immune Response Against Tumors (p. 410)
• Immunodiagnosis (p. 412)
• Detection Of Myeloma Proteins Produced By Plasma Cell Tumors (p. 412)
• Detection of [alpha]-Fetoprotein (p. 412)
• Carcinoembryonic Antigen (p. 413)
• Detection of Prostate-Specific Antigen (p. 414)
• Tumor Immunoprophylaxis (p. 415)
• Immunotherapy (p. 415)
• 21 Resistance and Immunization to Infectious Diseases (p. 421)
• Innate and Adaptive Immune Defenses (p. 422)
• Host Defense Against the Various Classes of Microbial Pathogens (p. 423)
• Immunity to Viruses (p. 423)
• Immunity to Bacteria (p. 425)
• Immunity to Parasites (p. 426)
• Immunity to Fungi (p. 427)
• Mechanisms by Which Pathogens Evade the Immune Response (p. 427)
• Encapsulated Bacteria (p. 428)
• Toxins (p. 428)
• Antigenic Variation (p. 429)
• Intracellular Survival (p. 430)
• Suppression of the Immune System (p. 430)
• Extracellular Enzymes (p. 431)
• Expression of Antibody Binding Properties (p. 431)
• Principles of Immunization (p. 431)
• Objectives of Immunization (p. 431)
• Historical Aspects of Immunization (p. 432)
• Active Immunizations (p. 433)
• Recommended Immunizations (p. 433)
• Use of Vaccines in Selective Populations (p. 434)
• Basic Mechanisms of Protection (p. 435)
• Anatomic Location of Host Immune Response (p. 435)
• Significance of the Primary and Secondary Responses (p. 436)
• Protective Effect of the Immune Response (p. 437)
• Age and Timing of Immunizations (p. 437)
• Use of Mixed, Multiple Antigens (p. 439)
• Precautions (p. 439)
• Site of Administration of Antigen (p. 439)
• Hazards (p. 440)
• Recent Approaches to Production of Vaccines (p. 441)
• Vaccines Produced by Recombinant DNA (p. 441)
• Conjugated Polysaccharides (p. 441)
• Synthetic Peptide Vaccines (p. 442)
• Blocking of Specific Receptors (p. 442)
• Anti-Idiotype Vaccines (p. 442)
• Virus-Carrier Vaccine (p. 443)
• Bacterium-Carrier Vaccine (p. 443)
• DNA Vaccines (p. 443)
• Toxoids (p. 444)
• Passive Immunization (p. 444)
• Passive Immunization Through Placental Antibody Transfer (p. 444)
• Passive Immunization via Colostrum (p. 444)
• Passive Antibody Therapy and Serum Therapy (p. 445)
• Monoclonal and Polyclonal Preparations (p. 447)
• Preparation and Properties of Human Immune Serum Globulin (p. 447)
• Indications for the Use of Immune Globulin (p. 448)
• Precautions on the Use of Immune Therapy (p. 449)
• Immunotherapy (p. 449)
• Antibody Therapies (p. 450)
• Colony Stimulating Factors (p. 450)
• Glossary (p. 455)
• Appendix Partial List of CD Antigens (p. 477)
• Index (p. 481)

Author notes provided by Syndetics

Eli Benjamini is a professor emeritus of immunology in the Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology at the School of Medicine of the University of California at Davis. Dr. Benjamini has taught immunology to undergraduate, graduate, and medical students, as well as having served for 10 years as Chairman of the Graduate Program of Immunology on the Davis campus--a program which he was instrumental in forming. His research interests include the immunobiology of protein antigens, mechanisms of immune regulation, and principles of synthetic vaccine.
Richard Coico is a professor and chairman of the Department of Microbiology and Immunology at the City University of New York Medical School (http://med.cuny.edu). For the past six years, he has directed the Microbiology and Immunology course taught to medical students, and also participates in the teaching of immunology to graduate students and physician assistant students at CUNY. He is a member of the Education Committee of the Association of Medical School Microbiology and Immunology Chairs (AMSMIC) and currently serves as program chair of a biannual meeting sponsored by AMSMIC entitled, Educational Strategies Workshop for Microbiology and Immunology. His research interests include studies of the regulation of antibody responses and germinal center formation, mechanisms of T cell-mediated B cell activation, and the physiologic role of IgD in the immune system.
Geoffrey Sunshine is a staff scientist at the Health Effects Institute in Cambridge, Massachusetts where he reviews research on the biological effects of air pollutants. He is also a lecturer in the Department of Pathology at Tufts University School of Medicine. For several years, he has directed a course in immunology for graduate dental students at Tufts University Dental School, and previously directed a course for veterinary students at Tufts University Veterinary School. He was also a member of the Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences at Tufts University, doing research in antigen presentation and teaching immunology to medical, graduate, and undergraduate students.